International Journal of

ADVANCED AND APPLIED SCIENCES

EISSN: 2313-3724, Print ISSN: 2313-626X

Frequency: 12

line decor
  
line decor

 Volume 11, Issue 2 (February 2024), Pages: 230-237

----------------------------------------------

 Original Research Paper

Extent of spending behavior, problems encountered, and financial knowledge across generational cohorts among state universities and colleges employees

 Author(s): 

 Madelyn R. Gumarac *

 Affiliation(s):

 College of Management, Northern Iloilo State University, Iloilo City, Philippines

 Full text

  Full Text - PDF

 * Corresponding Author. 

  Corresponding author's ORCID profile: https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4652-683X

 Digital Object Identifier (DOI)

 https://doi.org/10.21833/ijaas.2024.02.024

 Abstract

This study investigates how financial well-being, a key factor affecting life quality, job contentment, and retirement readiness, varies among individuals. It looks at the spending habits, financial challenges, and knowledge of four generations (Baby Boomers, Generation X, Generation Y, and Generation Z) working in four state universities and colleges (SUCs) in the Philippines. The study involved 371 regular staff and academic employees who completed a modified questionnaire. The results showed that these employees generally spend cautiously and face few financial problems, yet they possess considerable financial understanding. There was a noticeable link between how they spend and the problems they face. A strong connection was observed between their financial knowledge and spending habits. However, the link between the financial issues they face and their knowledge of finances was weaker. This suggests that the employees are careful with their spending and have good financial knowledge. These insights are useful for creating specific programs and educational efforts to improve the financial well-being of staff and academics at these Philippine universities.

 © 2024 The Authors. Published by IASE.

 This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

 Keywords

 Spending behavior, Problems encountered, Financial knowledge, Employees

 Article history

 Received 7 October 2023, Received in revised form 26 January 2024, Accepted 4 February 2024

 Acknowledgment 

No Acknowledgment.

 Compliance with ethical standards

 Conflict of interest: The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

 Citation:

 Gumarac MR (2024). Extent of spending behavior, problems encountered, and financial knowledge across generational cohorts among state universities and colleges employees. International Journal of Advanced and Applied Sciences, 11(2): 230-237

 Permanent Link to this page

 Figures

 No Figure

 Tables

 Table 1 Table 2 Table 3 Table 4 

----------------------------------------------   

 References (56)

  1. Agrawal DK (2022). Determining behavioural differences of Y and Z generational cohorts in online shopping. International Journal of Retail and Distribution Management, 50(7): 880–895. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJRDM-12-2020-0527   [Google Scholar]
  2. Ali W (2020). Online and remote learning in higher education institutes: A necessity in light of COVID-19 pandemic. Higher Education Studies, 10(3): 16-25. https://doi.org/10.5539/hes.v10n3p16   [Google Scholar]
  3. Barbić D, Lučić A, and Chen JM (2019). Measuring responsible financial consumption behaviour. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 43(1): 102–112. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcs.12489   [Google Scholar]
  4. Binti Azmi NF and Ramakrishnan S (2018). Relationship between financial knowledge and spending habits among faculty of management’s staff. Journal of Economic Info, 5(3): 1-6. https://doi.org/10.31580/jei.v5i3.102   [Google Scholar]
  5. Brand BM, Rausch TM, and Brandel J (2022). The importance of sustainability aspects when purchasing online: comparing generation X and generation Z. Sustainability, 14(9): 5689. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095689   [Google Scholar]
  6. Broby D (2021). Financial technology and the future of banking. Financial Innovation, 7(1): 47. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40854-021-00264-y   [Google Scholar]
  7. Brüggen EC, Hogreve J, Holmlund M, Kabadayi S, and Löfgren M (2017). Financial well-being: A conceptualization and research agenda. Journal of Business Research, 79: 228–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2017.03.013   [Google Scholar]
  8. Bugheanu AM and Străchinaru A (2020). Financial spending behavior patterns based on education, gender and age. Studies in Business and Economics, 15(2): 62–68. https://doi.org/10.2478/sbe-2020-0025   [Google Scholar]
  9. Contreras RCC, Olapane E, Cataluňa MP, and Buenviaje LC (2021). Financial management capabilities among personnel in a state university in the Philippines. Journal of Economics, Finance and Accounting Studies, 3(2): 158–168. https://doi.org/10.32996/jefas.2021.3.2.16   [Google Scholar]
  10. Crystal S (2018). Cumulative advantage and the retirement prospects of the hollowed-out generation: A tale of two cohorts. Public Policy and Aging Report, 28(1): 14–18. https://doi.org/10.1093/ppar/pry004   [Google Scholar]
  11. Damanik J, Priyambodo TK, Wibowo ME, Pitanatri PDS, and Wachyuni SS (2023). Travel behaviour differences among Indonesian youth in generations Y and Z: Pre-, during and post-travel. Consumer Behavior in Tourism and Hospitality, 18(1): 35–48. https://doi.org/10.1108/CBTH-07-2021-0184   [Google Scholar]
  12. De Miquel C, Domènech-Abella J, Felez-Nobrega M, Cristóbal-Narváez P, Mortier P, Vilagut G, and Haro JM (2022). The mental health of employees with job loss and income loss during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The mediating role of perceived financial stress. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(6): 3158. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063158   [Google Scholar] PMid:35328846 PMCid:PMC8950467
  13. Dizaji SF, Farzanegan MR, and Naghavi A (2016). Political institutions and government spending behavior: Theory and evidence from Iran. International Tax and Public Finance, 23(3): 522–549. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10797-015-9378-8   [Google Scholar]
  14. Donthu N and Gustafsson A (2020). Effects of COVID-19 on business and research. Journal of Business Research, 117: 284–289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.06.008   [Google Scholar] PMid:32536736 PMCid:PMC7280091
  15. Dorie A and Loranger D (2020). The multi-generation: Generational differences in channel activity. International Journal of Retail and Distribution Management, 48(4): 395–416. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJRDM-06-2019-0196   [Google Scholar]
  16. Eniola AA and Entebang H (2015). Financial literacy and SME firm performance. International Journal of Research Studies in Management, 5(1): 31-43. https://doi.org/10.5861/ijrsm.2015.1304   [Google Scholar]
  17. Faulkner A (2022). Financial literacy around the world: What we can learn from the national strategies and contexts of the top ten most financially literate nations. The Reference Librarian, 63(1–2): 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/02763877.2021.2009955   [Google Scholar]
  18. Giesler M and Veresiu E (2014). Creating the responsible consumer: Moralistic governance regimes and consumer subjectivity. Journal of Consumer Research, 41(3): 840–857. https://doi.org/10.1086/677842   [Google Scholar]
  19. Gomes O (2023). Behavioral economics and finance: a selective review of models, methods and tools. Studies in Economics and Finance, 40(3): 393–410. https://doi.org/10.1108/SEF-06-2022-0304   [Google Scholar]
  20. Guido G, Amatulli C, and Sestino A (2020). Elderly consumers and financial choices: A systematic review. Journal of Financial Services Marketing, 25(3): 76–85. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41264-020-00077-7   [Google Scholar]
  21. Harari TT, Sela Y, and Bareket-Bojmel L (2023). Gen Z during the COVID-19 crisis: A comparative analysis of the differences between Gen Z and Gen X in resilience, values and attitudes. Current Psychology, 42(28): 24223–24232. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-03501-4   [Google Scholar] PMid:35967492 PMCid:PMC9362676
  22. Jasrotia SS, Darda P, and Pandey S (2023). Changing values of millennials and centennials towards responsible consumption and sustainable society. Society and Business Review, 18(2): 244–263. https://doi.org/10.1108/SBR-01-2022-0013   [Google Scholar]
  23. Johansson L and Silén M (2018). Research methods in nursing students' bachelor's theses in Sweden: A descriptive study. Nurse Education Today, 66: 187–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2018.04.006   [Google Scholar] PMid:29709306
  24. Kangwa D, Mwale JT, and Shaikh JM (2021). The social production of financial inclusion of Generation Z in digital banking ecosystems. Australasian Accounting, Business and Finance Journal, 15(3): 95–118. https://doi.org/10.14453/aabfj.v15i3.6   [Google Scholar]
  25. Khajeheian D (2012). New venture creation in social media platform; Towards a framework for media entrepreneurship. In: Friedrichsen M and Mühl-Benninghaus W (Eds.), Handbook of social media management: 125–142. Springer, Berlin, Germany. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-28897-5_8   [Google Scholar]
  26. Kim J, Gutter MS, and Spangler T (2017). Review of family financial decision making: Suggestions for future research and implications for financial education. Journal of Financial Counseling and Planning, 28(2): 253–267. https://doi.org/10.1891/1052-3073.28.2.253   [Google Scholar]
  27. Koskelainen T, Kalmi P, Scornavacca E, and Vartiainen T (2023). Financial literacy in the digital age-A research agenda. Journal of Consumer Affairs, 57(1): 507–528. https://doi.org/10.1111/joca.12510   [Google Scholar]
  28. Kumar P, Pillai R, Kumar N, and Tabash MI (2023). The interplay of skills, digital financial literacy, capability, and autonomy in financial decision making and well-being. Borsa Istanbul Review, 23(1): 169–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bir.2022.09.012   [Google Scholar]
  29. Miller D (2023). Embracing the technological metamorphosis: Envisioning higher education for Generation Alpha in a shifting educational landscape. International Journal Software Engineering and Computer Science, 3(2): 88–96. https://doi.org/10.35870/ijsecs.v3i2.1492   [Google Scholar]
  30. Mohta A and Shunmugasundaram V (2022). Financial literacy among millennials. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 12(2): 61–66. https://doi.org/10.32479/ijefi.12801   [Google Scholar]
  31. Mortlock JT (2023). Next-generation mindfulness: a mindfulness matrix to extend the transformative potential of mindfulness for consumer, organizational, and societal well-being. Journal of Consumer Affairs 57(2): 721–756. https://doi.org/10.1111/joca.12543   [Google Scholar]
  32. Muruganantham G and Bhakat RS (2013). A review of impulse buying behavior. International Journal of Marketing Studies, 5(3): 149–160. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijms.v5n3p149   [Google Scholar]
  33. Murugiah L (2016). The level of understanding and strategies to enhance financial literacy among Malaysian. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 6(3): 130-139.   [Google Scholar]
  34. Nguyen T and Nguyen DM (2023). What will make Generation Y and Generation Z to continue to use online food delivery services: A uses and gratifications theory perspective. Journal of Hospitality Marketing and Management, 33(4): 415-442. https://doi.org/10.1080/19368623.2023.2277731   [Google Scholar]
  35. Nugraha YD, Permana RMT, and Hadiarti D (2023). Impulsive purchase behaviour of Z generation of Muslim women on TikTok shop: The application of S-O-R framework. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 15(2): 493-517. https://doi.org/10.18502/kss.v8i18.14291   [Google Scholar]
  36. Olawoyin R and Ogutu J (2023). The future of the U.S. safety and health workforce: Opportunities for academic diversity, equity, and inclusion through a leak-proof career pathway. Journal of Safety Research, 86: 100–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2023.06.003   [Google Scholar] PMid:37718036
  37. Omakhanlen AE, Iyika PI, Chimezie PO, and Osho O (2021). Impact of economic and financial literacy on the spending behaviour of selected public servants in Lagos state Nigeria. WSEAS Transactions on Business and Economics, 18: 95–105. https://doi.org/10.37394/23207.2021.18.11   [Google Scholar]
  38. Parment A (2013). Generation Y vs. baby boomers: Shopping behavior, buyer involvement and implications for retailing. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services 20(2): 189–199. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-8349-4622-5   [Google Scholar]
  39. Perculeza NPL, Andal YP, Divino MA, Maderazo CJ, Samonteza Z, and Manongsong JL (2016). Spending behavior of the teaching personnel in an Asian university. Asia Pacific Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 4(1): 99–108.   [Google Scholar]
  40. Philippas ND and Avdoulas C (2020). Financial literacy and financial well-being among generation-Z university students: Evidence from Greece. The European Journal of Finance, 26(4–5): 360–381. https://doi.org/10.1080/1351847X.2019.1701512   [Google Scholar]
  41. Prakash ND, Alagarsamy S, and Hawaldar A (2022). Demographic characteristics influencing financial well-being: A multigroup analysis. Managerial Finance, 48(9/10): 1334–1351. https://doi.org/10.1108/MF-09-2021-0466   [Google Scholar]
  42. Priporas CV, Stylos N, and Fotiadis AK (2017). Generation Z consumers' expectations of interactions in smart retailing: A future agenda. Computers in Human Behavior, 77: 374–381. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.01.058   [Google Scholar]
  43. Qi J, Chatterjee S, and Liu Y (2022). Retirement preparedness of Generation X compared to other cohorts in the United States. International Journal of Financial Studies, 10(2): 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijfs10020045   [Google Scholar]
  44. Quimbo MAT and Sulabo EC (2014). Research productivity and its policy implications in higher education institutions. Studies in Higher Education, 39(10): 1955–1971. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2013.818639   [Google Scholar]
  45. Reams-Johnson A and Delker S (2016). The development of the financial literacy program at the Community College of Baltimore County. Community College Journal of Research and Practice 40(7): 571–579. https://doi.org/10.1080/10668926.2015.1125817   [Google Scholar]
  46. Riitsalu L, Sulg R, Lindal H, Remmik M, and Vain K (2023). From security to freedom-The meaning of financial well-being changes with age. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 45: 56–69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10834-023-09886-z   [Google Scholar] PMid:36742444 PMCid:PMC9883609
  47. Sabri MF and Aw EC (2020). Untangling financial stress and workplace productivity: A serial mediation model. Journal of Workplace Behavioral Health 35(4): 211–231. https://doi.org/10.1080/15555240.2020.1833737   [Google Scholar]
  48. Samad A, Muchiri M, and Shahid S (2022). Investigating leadership and employee well-being in higher education. Personnel Review 51(1): 57–76. https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-05-2020-0340   [Google Scholar]
  49. Tang N and Baker A (2016). Self-esteem, financial knowledge and financial behavior. Journal of Economic Psychology, 54: 164–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2016.04.005   [Google Scholar]
  50. Tang N, Baker A, and Peter PC (2015). Investigating the disconnect between financial knowledge and behavior: The role of parental influence and psychological characteristics in responsible financial behaviors among young adults. The Journal of Consumer Affairs, 49(2): 376–406. https://doi.org/10.1111/joca.12069   [Google Scholar]
  51. Van Nguyen H, Ha GH, Nguyen DN, Doan AH, and Phan HT (2022). Understanding financial literacy and associated factors among adult population in a low-middle income country. Heliyon 8(6): e09638. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09638   [Google Scholar] PMid:35677404 PMCid:PMC9168148
  52. Verma S and Garg N (2023). Exploring intergenerational differences in technology-oriented ethical behavior. Kybernetes, 52(6): 2164–2180. https://doi.org/10.1108/K-09-2021-0897   [Google Scholar]
  53. Vieira KM, Potrich ACG, Bressan AA, and Klein LL (2021). Loss of financial well-being in the COVID-19 pandemic: Does job stability make a difference? Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance 31: 100554. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbef.2021.100554   [Google Scholar] PMid:36570718 PMCid:PMC9764367
  54. Webber KL and Zheng H (2020). Data analytics and the imperatives for data-informed decision-making in higher education. In: Webber KL and Zheng HY (Eds.), Big data on campus: Data analytics and decision making in higher education: 3–29. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, USA.   [Google Scholar]
  55. Witmer H (2021). Entrapment between narratives: The millennial voice and degendering organizational resilience. Frontiers in Sustainability, 1: 620903. https://doi.org/10.3389/frsus.2020.620903   [Google Scholar]
  56. Zabrodska K and Kveton P (2013). Prevalence and forms of workplace bullying among university employees. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 25(2): 89–108. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10672-012-9210-x   [Google Scholar]