International Journal of

ADVANCED AND APPLIED SCIENCES

EISSN: 2313-3724, Print ISSN: 2313-626X

Frequency: 12
line decor
  
line decor

 Volume 11, Issue 9 (September 2024), Pages: 17-22

----------------------------------------------

 Original Research Paper

Manufacturing natural soap-base (Multiclean) with the addition of wuluh
starfruit extraction (Averrhoa)

 Author(s): 

 Hamsina Hamsina 1, *, Ifa Safira 2, Dyah Ekowatiningsih 3, Ruslan Hasani 3, M. Tang 1, Hermawati Hermawati 1, Granita Granita 1

 Affiliation(s):

 1Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitas Bosowa, Makassar City, Indonesia
 2Department of Natural Science Education, Universitas Bosowa, Makassar City, Indonesia
 3Department of Nurshing, Makassar Ministry of Health Polytechnic, Makassar City, Indonesia

 Full text

  Full Text - PDF

 * Corresponding Author. 

  Corresponding author's ORCID profile: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2173-8904

 Digital Object Identifier (DOI)

 https://doi.org/10.21833/ijaas.2024.09.003

 Abstract

Starfruit extract is used as a base for making natural soap that is more environmentally friendly and beneficial for health. The aim of this study is to identify the optimal conditions for adding starfruit extract to natural soap production, which involves citric acid and surfactant components. The method involves maceration and extraction of starfruit to obtain citric acid by immersing it in 80% ethanol. The soap is produced using a hot process at temperatures between 70-80 °C with three formulas: F1 (200:200:10), F2 (225:175:15), and F3 (250:150:20), representing different ratios of virgin coconut oil (VCO), olive oil, and starfruit extract, respectively. Potassium hydroxide (KOH) is used as an alkali at a concentration of 30%. After the soap is made, MES (Methyl Ester Sulfonate) (a plant-based surfactant), sodium citrate (Na3C6H5O7) as a preservative, and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) as a cleanser are added. Testing of the three soap formulas showed they all meet Indonesian National Standards (SNI). Among 20 respondents, F1 was rated the highest in terms of color, scent, and softness. It had 83% foam stability, 0.85% moisture content, a pH of 8, and 0.001% free alkali content. These results suggest that consumer preference is influenced by the starfruit extract content.

 © 2024 The Authors. Published by IASE.

 This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

 Keywords

 Starfruit extract, Natural soap, Citric acid, Surfactant, Foam stability

 Article history

 Received 29 April 2024, Received in revised form 26 August 2024, Accepted 1 September 2024

 Acknowledgment

No Acknowledgment.

 Compliance with ethical standards

 Conflict of interest: The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

 Citation:

 Hamsina H, Safira I, Ekowatiningsih D, Hasani R, Tang M, Hermawati H, and Granita G (2024). Manufacturing natural soap-base (Multiclean) with the addition of wuluh starfruit extraction (Averrhoa). International Journal of Advanced and Applied Sciences, 11(9): 17-22

 Permanent Link to this page

 Figures

 Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Fig. 3 Fig. 4 Fig. 5 Fig. 6 Fig. 7 Fig. 8 Fig. 9 Fig. 10 Fig. 11 

 Tables

 Table 1 Table 2 

----------------------------------------------   

 References (23)

  1. Abd Maurad Z, Abdullah LC, Anuar MS, Abdul Karim Shah NN, and Idris Z (2020). Preparation, characterization, morphological and particle properties of crystallized palm-based methyl ester sulphonates (MES) powder. Molecules, 25(11): 2629. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25112629   [Google Scholar] PMid:32516971 PMCid:PMC7321167
  2. Abdurrahman M, Kamal MS, Ramadhan R, Daniati A, Arsad A, Abdul Rahman AF, and Rita N (2023). Ecofriendly natural surfactants in the oil and gas industry: A comprehensive review. ACS Omega, 8(44): 41004-41021. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.3c04450   [Google Scholar] PMid:37970044 PMCid:PMC10633819
  3. Chandira RM, Lokeshwaran S, and Gladin SG (2022). Formulation and evaluation of herbal soap by using melt and pour method. Indian Journal of Natural Sciences, 13(72): 44244-44626.   [Google Scholar]
  4. Chirani MR, Kowsari E, Teymourian T, and Ramakrishna S (2021). Environmental impact of increased soap consumption during COVID-19 pandemic: Biodegradable soap production and sustainable packaging. Science of the Total Environment, 796: 149013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149013   [Google Scholar] PMid:34271380 PMCid:PMC8272010
  5. Dianursanti D, Fransisca M, and Alifia KC (2020). The effect of adding citric acid on making antibacterial film-formed soap for hospital. AIP Conference Proceedings, AIP Publishing, Bali, Indonesia, 2255: 040037. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0015253   [Google Scholar]
  6. González-Acedo A, Ramos-Torrecillas J, Illescas-Montes R, Costela-Ruiz VJ, Ruiz C, Melguizo-Rodríguez L, and García-Martínez O (2023). The benefits of olive oil for skin health: study on the effect of hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol, and oleocanthal on human fibroblasts. Nutrients, 15(9): 2077. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15092077   [Google Scholar] PMid:37432217 PMCid:PMC10181161
  7. Klimaszewska E, Wieczorek D, Lewicki S, Stelmasiak M, Ogorzałek M, Szymański Ł, Tomasiuk R, and Markuszewski L (2022). Effect of new surfactants on biological properties of liquid soaps. Molecules, 27(17): 5425. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27175425   [Google Scholar] PMid:36080193 PMCid:PMC9458098
  8. Książek E (2023). Citric acid: Properties, microbial production, and applications in industries. Molecules, 29(1): 22. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29010022   [Google Scholar] PMid:38202605 PMCid:PMC10779990
  9. Kurćubić VS, Lević S, Pavlović V, Mihailović R, Nikolić A, Lukić M, Jovanović J, Danilović B, Milinković M, Oz F, and Heinz V et al. (2024). Manufacture of low-Na white soft brined cheese: Effect of NaCl substitution with a combination of Na-K salts on proximate composition, mineral content, microstructure, and sensory acceptance. Foods, 13(9): 1381. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13091381   [Google Scholar] PMid:38731752 PMCid:PMC11083042
  10. Kurniawati Y and Paramita V (2022). Optimization of manufacturing liquid soap based on virgin coconut oil with a combination potassium hydroxide and ammonium hydroxide. Journal of Vocational Studies on Applied Research, 4(1): 7-12. https://doi.org/10.14710/jvsar.v4i1.14463   [Google Scholar]
  11. Mourelle ML, Segura de Yebra J, Ayats J, Vitale M, and López Sánchez A (2024). Potential benefits of a cosmetic ingredient combining thermal spring water and diatom algae extract. Cosmetics, 11(2): 62. https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics11020062   [Google Scholar]
  12. Mursaliyeva VK, Sarsenbek BT, Dzhakibaeva GT, Mukhanov TM, and Mammadov R (2023). Total content of saponins, phenols and flavonoids and antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of in vitro culture of Allochrusa gypsophiloides (Regel) Schischk compared to wild plants. Plants, 12(20): 3521. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12203521   [Google Scholar] PMid:37895985 PMCid:PMC10609880
  13. Nagtode VS, Cardoza C, Yasin HK, Mali SN, Tambe SM, Roy P, Singh K, Goel A, Amin PD, Thorat BR, and Cruz JN et al. (2023). Green surfactants (biosurfactants): A petroleum-free substitute for sustainability-comparison, applications, market, and future prospects. ACS Omega, 8(13): 11674-11699. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.3c00591   [Google Scholar] PMid:37033812 PMCid:PMC10077441
  14. Nasution M, Simatupang Y, and Dennis D (2020). Effectiveness of star fruit leaf extract on the growth of streptococcus sanguinis: An in vitro study. World Journal of Dentistry, 11(3): 196-200. https://doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10015-1731   [Google Scholar]
  15. Nuryanah N (2023). Use of olive oil as an effort to prevent damage to skin integrity: A case study. Indonesian Journal of Community Development, 3(1): 37-49. https://doi.org/10.17509/ijcd.v3i1.56465   [Google Scholar]
  16. Prieto Vidal N, Adeseun Adigun O, Pham TH, Mumtaz A, Manful C, Callahan G, Stewart P, Keough D, and Thomas RH (2018). The effects of cold saponification on the unsaponified fatty acid composition and sensory perception of commercial natural herbal soaps. Molecules, 23(9): 2356. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23092356   [Google Scholar] PMid:30223479 PMCid:PMC6225244
  17. Song C, Lin Y, Hong P, Liu H, and Zhou C (2022). Compare with different vegetable oils on the quality of the Nemipterus virgatus surimi gel. Food Science and Nutrition, 10(9): 2935-2946. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.2889   [Google Scholar] PMid:36171767 PMCid:PMC9469861
  18. Speiser E, Pinto Zipp G, DeLuca DA, Cupertino AP, Arana-Chicas E, Gourna Paleoudis E, Kligler B, and Cartujano-Barrera F (2021). Knowledge, attitudes and behaviors of Latinas in cleaning occupations in northern New Jersey: A cross-sectional mixed methods study. Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology, 16: 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12995-021-00343-x   [Google Scholar] PMid:34872565 PMCid:PMC8646340
  19. Sukeksi L, Grace M, and Diana V (2021). Characterization of the chemical and physical properties of bar soap made with different concentrations of bentonite as a filler. International Journal of Technology, 12(2): 263-274. https://doi.org/10.14716/ijtech.v12i2.4130   [Google Scholar]
  20. Wołowicz A, Staszak K, and Hubicki Z (2022). A comprehensive analysis of selected anionic surfactants behaviour in aqueous systems containing metal ions and inorganic acid. Water, 14(22): 3676. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14223676   [Google Scholar]
  21. Xie M, Jiang Z, Lin X, and Wei X (2024). Application of plant extracts cosmetics in the field of anti-aging. Journal of Dermatologic Science and Cosmetic Technology, 1(2): 100014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdsct.2024.100014   [Google Scholar]
  22. Yao RT, Langer ER, Leckie A, and Tremblay LA (2019). Household preferences when purchasing handwashing liquid soap: A choice experiment application. Journal of Cleaner Production, 235: 1515-1524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.07.002   [Google Scholar]
  23. Zhang H, Liang L, Xi H, Lin X, Li Z, and Jiao Y (2023). Effects of different types of stabilizers on the properties of foam detergent used for radioactive surface contamination. Molecules, 28(16): 6107. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28166107   [Google Scholar] PMid:37630358 PMCid:PMC10458476