Volume 11, Issue 4 (April 2024), Pages: 236-240

----------------------------------------------

 Original Research Paper

Exploring the connection between diabetes duration, HbA1c levels, and peripheral neuropathy in type 2 diabetes patients

 Author(s): 

 Cut Husna ^1, *, Aulia Akmal ², Hilman Syarif ³, Sri Agustina ⁴

 Affiliation(s):

 ¹Department of Medical and Surgical Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
 ²Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
 ³Department of Emergency Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
 ⁴Department of Pediatric Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia

 Full text

  Full Text - PDF

 * Corresponding Author. 

  Corresponding author's ORCID profile: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6283-4209

 Digital Object Identifier (DOI)

 https://doi.org/10.21833/ijaas.2024.04.025

 Abstract

Diabetes mellitus can lead to blood circulation problems, which include both large-scale (macrovascular) and small-scale (microvascular) issues. One specific small-scale problem is the loss of feeling in the feet (known as peripheral neuropathy), which can cause foot ulcers and greatly increase the risk of needing an amputation. The length of time someone has had diabetes and their HbA1c levels (a measure of blood sugar control over time) are linked to the risk of developing diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) in individuals with diabetes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between how long someone has had type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and their HbA1c levels with the presence of DPN. We conducted a correlational study with a cross-sectional design. We specifically chose 154 outpatients with T2DM from a hospital clinic for this study. To collect data, we used forms that included demographic information, the Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument (MNSI), and the Michigan Diabetic Neuropathy Score (MDNS). We analyzed the data using chi-square tests. Our findings showed a significant link between DPN and both the duration of diabetes and abnormal HbA1c levels in individuals with T2DM, with statistical significance (p=0.001) for both. We suggest that individuals with diabetes should manage their condition carefully to minimize the risk of complications from DPN. It is also recommended that hospitals regularly offer educational programs on neuropathy risks and prevention of severe complications to patients with T2DM.

 © 2024 The Authors. Published by IASE.

 This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

 Keywords

 Duration of diabetes, HbA1c levels, Peripheral neuropathy, Diabetes mellitus

 Article history

 Received 1 January 2024, Received in revised form 18 April 2024, Accepted 19 April 2024

 Acknowledgment 

The researchers would like to extend their deepest gratitude to all participants who willingly engaged and fully contributed to this study and its data collection.

 Compliance with ethical standards

 Ethical consideration

The ethical clearance was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Syiah Kuala (approval number: 112004150722).

 Conflict of interest: The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

 Citation:

 Husna C, Akmal A, Syarif H, and Agustina S (2024). Exploring the connection between diabetes duration, HbA1c levels, and peripheral neuropathy in type 2 diabetes patients. International Journal of Advanced and Applied Sciences, 11(4): 236-240

 Permanent Link to this page

 Figures

 No Figure

 Tables

 Table 1 Table 2 

----------------------------------------------   

 References (22)

1. Al-Rubeaan K, Al Derwish M, Ouizi S, Youssef AM, Subhani SN, Ibrahim HM, and Alamri BN (2015). Diabetic foot complications and their risk factors from a large retrospective cohort study. PLOS ONE, 10(5): e0124446. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0124446   [Google Scholar] PMid:25946144 PMCid:PMC4422657
2. American Diabetes Association (2016). Standards of medical care in diabetes—2016 abridged for primary care providers. Clinical Diabetes, 34(1): 3-21. https://doi.org/10.2337/diaclin.34.1.3   [Google Scholar] PMid:26807004 PMCid:PMC4714725
3. Amour AA, Chamba N, Kayandabila J, Lyaruu IA, Marieke D, Shao ER, and Howlett W (2019). Prevalence, patterns, and factors associated with peripheral neuropathies among diabetic patients at tertiary Hospital in the Kilimanjaro Region: Descriptive cross-sectional study from north-eastern Tanzania. International Journal of Endocrinology, 2019: 5404781. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/5404781   [Google Scholar] PMid:31275374 PMCid:PMC6582881
4. Faizi N and Kazmi S (2017). Universal health coverage-There is more to it than meets the eye. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 6(1): 169-170. https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_13_17   [Google Scholar] PMid:29026777 PMCid:PMC5629889
5. Galicia-Garcia U, Benito-Vicente A, Jebari S, Larrea-Sebal A, Siddiqi H, Uribe KB, Ostolaza H, and Martín C (2020). Pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(17): 6275. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21176275   [Google Scholar] PMid:32872570 PMCid:PMC7503727
6. Hébert HL, Veluchamy A, Torrance N, and Smith BH (2017). Risk factors for neuropathic pain in diabetes mellitus. Pain, 158(4): 560-568. https://doi.org/10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000785   [Google Scholar] PMid:27941499 PMCid:PMC5359789
7. IDF (2017). IDF diabetes atlas. 8^th Edition, International Diabetes Federation, Brussels, Belgium.   [Google Scholar]
8. KKRI (2020). Tetap produktif, cegah, dan atasi Diabetes Melitus 2020. Pusat Data dan Informasi Kementerian Kesehatan RI, Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia (Ministry of Health), Jakarta, Indonesia.   [Google Scholar]
9. Malik RA, Andag‐Silva A, Dejthevaporn C, Hakim M, Koh JS, Pinzon R, and Wong KS (2020). Diagnosing peripheral neuropathy in South‐East Asia: A focus on diabetic neuropathy. Journal of Diabetes Investigation, 11(5): 1097-1103. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdi.13269   [Google Scholar] PMid:32268012 PMCid:PMC7477502
10. Mørkrid K, Ali L, and Hussain A (2010). Risk factors and prevalence of diabetic peripheral neuropathy: A study of type 2 diabetic outpatients in Bangladesh. International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries, 30(1): 11-17. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-3930.60004   [Google Scholar] PMid:20431800 PMCid:PMC2859278
11. Mou L, Wang TB, Wang X, and Pu Z (2024). Advancing diabetes treatment: The role of mesenchymal stem cells in islet transplantation. Frontiers in Immunology, 15: 1389134. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2024.1389134   [Google Scholar] PMid:38605972 PMCid:PMC11007079
12. Mythili A, Kumar KD, Subrahmanyam KAV, Venkateswarlu K, and Butchi RG (2010). A comparative study of examination scores and quantitative sensory testing in diagnosis of diabetic polyneuropathy. International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries, 30(1): 43-48. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-3930.60007   [Google Scholar] PMid:20431806 PMCid:PMC2859284
13. Nisansala MN, Wimalasekera SW, and Amarasekara TD (2022). Peripheral neuropathy and impaired sensation of feet among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A descriptive cross-sectional study. International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health, 9(7): 2749-2757. https://doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20221734   [Google Scholar]
14. Nugroho BAW, Adnyana IMO, and Samatra DPGP (2016). Gula darah tidak terkontrol sebagai faktor risiko gangguan fungsi kognitif pada penderita diabetes melitus tipe 2 usia dewasa menengah. Medicina, 47(1): 22-29. https://doi.org/10.15562/medicina.v47i1.71   [Google Scholar]
15. Popescu S, Timar B, Baderca F, Simu M, Diaconu L, Velea I, and Timar R (2016). Age as an independent factor for the development of neuropathy in diabetic patients. Clinical Interventions in Aging, 11: 313-318. https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S97295   [Google Scholar] PMid:27042031 PMCid:PMC4801151
16. Qureshi MS, Iqbal M, Zahoor S, Ali J, and Javed MU (2017). Ambulatory screening of diabetic neuropathy and predictors of its severity in outpatient settings. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation, 40: 425-430. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40618-016-0581-y   [Google Scholar] PMid:27848229
17. Shiferaw WS, Akalu TY, Work Y, and Aynalem YA (2020). Prevalence of diabetic peripheral neuropathy in Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Endocrine Disorders, 20: 49. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12902-020-0534-5   [Google Scholar] PMid:32293400 PMCid:PMC7158034
18. Syamsiah, Tombong AB, and Amin AN (2021). Long-standing type-2 diabetes mellitus is related to neuropathy incidence: A cross sectional study. Comprehensive Health Care, 5(1): 32-43. https://doi.org/10.37362/jch.v5i1.575   [Google Scholar]
19. Tamer A, Yildiz S, Yildiz N, Kanat M, Gunduz H, Tahtaci M, and Celebi H (2006). The prevalence of neuropathy and relationship with risk factors in diabetic patients: A single-center experience. Medical Principles and Practice, 15(3): 190-194. https://doi.org/10.1159/000092180   [Google Scholar] PMid:16651834
20. Tofure IR, Huwae LB, and Astuty E (2021). Karakteristik pasien penderita neuropati perifer diabetik di poliklinik saraf RSUD Dr. M. Haulussy Ambon Tahun 2016-2019. Molucca Medica, 14(2): 97-108. https://doi.org/10.30598/molmed.2021.v14.i2.97   [Google Scholar]
21. Trisnawati SY (2014).Diabetes melitus tipe 2 dengan kadar Hba1c tinggi sebagai faktor risiko neuropati diabetik perifer di rumah sakit umum Pusat Sanglah Denpasar. M.Sc. Thesis, Universitas Udayana, Denpasar, Indonesia.   [Google Scholar]
22. Won JC, Kwon HS, Kim CH, Lee JH, Park TS, Ko KS, and Cha BY (2012). Prevalence and clinical characteristics of diabetic peripheral neuropathy in hospital patients with type 2 diabetes in Korea. Diabetic Medicine, 29(9): e290-e296. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-5491.2012.03697.x   [Google Scholar]