Physicochemical property monitoring of magnetized water by impedance and dielectric spectroscopy in the kinetic condition

© 2020 The Authors. Published by IASE. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).


Introduction
*The treatment of water by a magnetic field is a new scientific and very interesting field in applied research. Water magnetization technology is becoming more and more important in water treatment technologies. The magnetized water, under the effect of the electromagnetic field, is a factor of vitality and health for living beings (humans, animals, and plants). In fact, magnetized water is a crucial factor of harmony for physicochemical and biological processes. The pathogenic substances regress or disappear in the consumer, which makes his immune system stronger. Water is the source of life of plants (more than 70% of the plant consists of water), and it is fundamental for the functions of hydration and circulation of the sap. Many studies indicated that magnetic fields have some biological effects on living beings (Haghi et al., 2012). The effect of magnetic fields is studied in different areas such as pharmaceuticals merchandise, cancer therapy, sterilization, and water treatment of drinking water. Similar benefits to the human body have been found. Furthermore, the magnetic field (MF) action is reported to cause changes in the physicochemical properties of water. The earliest study was conducted by Mghaiouini et al. (2020a), who published a paper on this subject in the 1970s. Several papers were published where the observed effects of MF were reported (Madsen, 1995;Chibowski et al., 2003;Kobe et al., 2002;Silva et al., 2015). The induction time decreased , a larger number of nuclei were formed Kobe et al., 2002;Silva et al., 2015;Alimi et al., 2009;Chang and Tai, 2010;Cefalas et al., 2010;Wang et al., 2012), more aragonite than calcite was precipitated (Madsen, 1995;Silva et al., 2015) and the dispersions were stabilized Hołysz et al., 2003;Koshoridze and Levin, 2014;Umeki et al., 2007). The adsorption of the ions causes the change of the zeta potential of the precipitate (Wang et al., 2012;Nakagawa et al., 1999;Murad, 2006;Toledo et al., 2008;Bin et al., 2011), in ter-cluster and in tracluster transformations occur (Nakagawa et al., 1999;Toledo et al., 2008) and a slight increase in the amount of the bonding is observed (Toledo et al., 2008;Seyfi et al., 2017).
The weight of water pairs decreases, and the number of adherence of ion pairs increases (Murad, 2006;Bin et al., 2011). Diffusion mobility of cautions increases, and that of anion decreases (Silva et al., 2015;Alimi et al., 2009;Raiteri and Gale, 2010). The electromagnetic field promotes the formation of cations because they are strongly hydrated than anions (Murad, 2006;Toledo et al., 2008;Amor et al., 2017). In earlier works, contradictory results regarding the effect of the electromagnetic field on the surface tension of water were found (Toledo et al., 2008;Viswat et al., 1982). The authors (Toledo et al., 2008;Viswat et al., 1982) reported that surface tension could either increase or decrease. Furthermore, some studies indicated that the electromagnetic field increases the viscosity of water (Toledo et al., 2008;Viswat et al., 1982;Szcześ et al., 2011;Silva et al., 2015).
The changes in physical properties may last up to 2 days (Lipus et al., 2001;Szkatula et al., 2002). Charge neutralization of the dispersed phase and sedimentation Nakagawa et al., 1999;Seyfi et al., 2017;Amor et al., 2017;Szcześ et al., 2011) rate can increase. The water molecule behaves like an electric dipole, which makes it possible to orient its direction depending on the electromagnetic field direction, consequently, the rate of water evaporations increases (Surendran et al., 2016). In previous works, it was also revealed that magnetized water improved germination and crop productivity (Lipus et al., 2001;Zieliński et al., 2017;Liu et al., 2016;Silva et al., 2017;Ueno, 2012;Tijing et al., 2011;Mghaiouini et al., 2020b). The aim of this study is to outline the influence of electromagnetic fields on the physico-chemical properties of water.

Definition
Electromagnetic device is a physical water treatment technology based on quantum and electrodynamics physics. The water passes under the effect of the electromagnetic field in a continuous flow in a cylindrical pipe (Fig. 1). The experimental apparatus is composed of a pump immersed in a reservoir full of water. The pump is plugged in so the water can cross the region where the electromagnetic field exists. In the other tank, magnetized water is collected. This experience is carried out in a cyclic way (Fig. 1).

Characterization of the electromagnetic device in vacuum
In order to know the currents flowing in the two coils of the device and the frequency of the electromagnetic field, the characterization technique of the electromagnetic device was operated in vacuum through the following steps (Fig. 2).

Measurements of tensions
From Fig. 3, it can be noticed that the signal form is square, with a frequency value of 6.116 kHz and a peak to peak value of 10.54 V in one cycle and 3V in the other cycle (This difference may be due to hysteresis).

Measurements of heating and cooling temperatures of tap water (NMW) and magnetized water (MW)
These different experimental assemblies were realized to measure the rates of heating and cooling in order to evaluate the heat capacity.

Measurements of the heating temperature
The study and analysis of the water were conducted at the condensed matter Laboratory of ChouaibDoukkali University, Faculty of Sciences, Morocco. The difference between the evaporated volume of the magnetized water ΔVe (MW) and the evaporated volume of the non-magnetized water ΔVe (NMW) at a fixed temperature is ΔV, which is defined by (Eq. 1): The difference between the evaporated mass of the magnetized water Δm (MW) and the evaporated mass of the non-magnetized water Δm (NMW) at a fixed temperature is Δm given by (Eq. 2): The Measurements of the heating temperature over time of tap water and treated water goes from 5 to 120min.In previous years, several research projects were conducted on the influence of the static magnetic field on water. However, the obtained results were always opposed. Thus, to evaluate the influence of electromagnetic fields created by the electromagnetic device process on the heating rate of water, a warming test was carried out by the following instruments ( Fig. 4 This experiment assesses the evolution of water temperature over time to confirm that the temperature of (MW) can increase more rapidly. For this purpose, the heat transfer rate of the (TW) was compared (control) to the treated water (MW). This method relies on heating water in a beaker using a hot plate, a digital thermocouple, and a stopwatch (Fig. 5). Afterward, 200 ml of the (TW) was poured (temperature: 26.5°C to T0) into the beaker, which was placed on the heating plate set at 150°C. Simultaneously, the stopwatch was started, and the temperature was measured at varying time intervals in the abutment to plot curve representing the evolution of water temperature as a function of time.

Measurements of the cooling temperature
This study tracks changes in water temperature over time in order to determine whether the magnetized water of the Electromagnetic device technology is cooler than ordinary water. The purpose of this study is to compare the cooling rate of tap water (control) with that of magnetized water. This method initially involves heating the water in a beaker with a hot plate until the temperature of the water sample reaches 80°C, and then the timer starts (Fig. 6). The measurement of the temperature, with a thermometer, at variable time intervals, makes it possible to draw curves representing the evolution of the temperature of the water as a function of time.

Impedance measurements
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Operating mode
Surface tension is a resultant force of cohesion, which lowers the number of molecules on the surface of a liquid to a minimum. This creates a kind of an invisible envelope that occupies the smallest possible area. The surface tension represents the strength of the film of the liquid surface (Cefalas et al., 2010). This method of weighing a drop consists of weighing a drop that falls from a capillary of a known radius. As a first approximation, the forces that apply to the drop are its weight P=mg and the force due to the surface tension γ at the level of the capillary.
F=2πrγ, at the precise moment when the drop comes off, the weight of the drop is equal to the capillary forces P=F. This implies the application of the law of Tate: Knowing the mass of the drop, the surface tension γ can be estimated by the following expression:

Experimental measurements
To measure the surface strength of all samples, the falling drop method was employed by using a pipette. The principle of the measurement is based on counting the number of drops matching a given volume of the water of a density d at ambient temperature. The experimental measurements were conducted by the following instruments ( Fig. 7): The QUALICOLOR burette is fixed on the support, and then the beaker is placed under the device to collect the formed drops. The burette is washed and rinsed beforehand with the distilled water. A certain volume of liquid is poured into the burette. The volume of the liquid must exceed a few centimeters in the upper line of the device. Counting the number of drops begins when the meniscus of the liquid slightly reaches the top line. The flow velocity of the liquid should allow time for the drops to form before falling. The speed is adjusted using a Mohr force. The volume above the top line is used, and the number of liquid drops is counted with avoiding the flow of air during the drops counting (Tijing et al., 2010).

The heating rate of the water
The changes in evaporated amounts and volume of magnetized and non-magnetized water are depicted in Figs. 8-11. The evaporated amount and volume of water are higher under a flow of 0.6m/s at the kinetic condition. The evaporating rate and volume are increasing with the time of exposure to the electromagnetic field (EMF).
To emphasize these effects, the difference between the amount of evaporated magnetized and non-magnetized water Δm and ΔVat different time is indicated in Figs. 12-15. The differences of the evaporated amounts are proportional to the flow rate and the time of exposure to the EMF. The increment in the evaporated amount and volume is higher for magnetized water.  The heat transfer rate of magnetized water and tap water (control) is presented in Figs. 16 and 17. It was found that the heat transfer rate of the magnetic water is higher than that of tap water. Moreover, the effect of water magnetization by the Aqua 4D process on the evaporation of water over untreated tap water is depicted in Figs. 16 and 17. In the nonmagnetized water, the water molecules hardly pass into the vapor phase. This implies that the separation of the molecules from each other is very difficult. In this case, there must be a significant interaction force between them, which does not occur as intensely in magnetized water molecules, through the existence of hydrogen bonds. Therefore, the influence of the electromagnetic field has shifted the distribution and arrangement of water molecules and their hydrogen bonds. As stated in previous studies (Toledo et al., 2008;Seyfi et al., 2017), this behavior can induce a change of structure, since it is known that evaporation is a process in which water molecules escape from the liquid to the Hydrogen gas.
Figs. 18 and 19 show that there is a difference between the temperature of tap water and magnetized water depending on the rate of water and the effect of an electromagnetic field at a rate of 0.6 m/s and 0.18 m/s. The destruction of the hydrogen bonds is behind the Lorentz force of the water lines in motion and the interface (Seyfi et al., 2017).

The cooling rate of the water
This experiment is performed to compare the cooling rate of the water. After heating the water samples, continuous temperature measurements were performed to evaluate the cooling rate of the tap water (TW) and the magnetized water (MW). show that the cooling of the (TW) is faster than the water magnetized by the electromagnetic device process. This experiment shows that the electromagnetic device technology influences the percentage of heat transfer during the cooling phase. The clear distinction between tap water and magnetized water by electromagnetic device technology results from the breaking of the hydrogen bonding and ion motion by electromagnetic device-generated electromagnetic field (Szcześ et al., 2011).  Table 1 gathers the results obtained for the heating temperatures for a given mass of water. Table 2 shows the variation of temperature difference during cooling of water distilled, and Table 3 shows the heat capacity of the magnetized water.    Calculation of the heat capacity of the (MW) of m0=130 g can be done considering distilled water as a reference by using the following equation: The values of heat capacities of the tap water and magnetized water are 4.6133 jK -1 g -1 and3.8366 j -1 Kg -1 , respectively (Cmoy (magnetized water) <Cmoy (tap water)).From this result and Fig. 22, it can be seen that the heat capacity of the water decreases with a percentage of 20.24% under the action of the electromagnetic field. Magnetized water increases the heating rate and decreases the cooling time compared to tap water. These results are consistent with those mentioned in the literature (Alimi et al., 2009;Nakagawa et al., 1999;Seyfi et al., 2017;Szcześ et al., 2011). Table 4 and Fig. 23 show the masses of the drop of tap water and the magnetized water and their corresponding surface tension at different temperatures.   The results of the various measurements of surface tensions of tap water and magnetic water recorded in Table 1 show that this physical-chemical quantity decreases when the tap water is exposed to the electromagnetic fields produced by electromagnetic device technology. By comparing the evolution of the two types of water, it is noted that the magnetic field substantially decreases the surface tension. The surface tension of tap water flowing at a rate of 0.2m/s and exposed for 15 minutes to the electromagnetic field at a 26.5°C decreased by a percentage of the order of 26.36%.

Measurements of surface tension
This corroborates the results of Amor et al. (2017), which reported that the magnetic field could decrease the surface tension of the water.

Correlation between tension surface and the heating and cooling time of the (MW)
The surface tension of the (TW) flowing at a rate of 0.2 m/s for an electromagnetic field exposure time of 15 min at a 26.5°C is decreased by a percentage of 26, 36%. The heat capacity of tap water exposed to the electromagnetic field produced by an electromagnetic device is decreased by 20.24%.
These results are consistent with those of Seyfi et al. (2017), Amor et al. (2017), and Szcześ et al. (2011); where it was proved that under the effect of the magnetic field, the surface tension decreases and the proportion of water evaporation increases. This effect can be interpreted based on the weakening or even the rupture of the hydrogen bonds and disruption of the gas/liquid interface, thus facilitating the release and leakage of the water molecules to the vapor phase. Seyfi et al. (2017) also suggested that, following magnetic field processing, the structure of water was modified, i.e. more monomer water molecules or weakened water bundles were present during a period up to 40 minutes, which may be the origin of the memory effect.

Equivalent electronic circuits (EEC)
Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) is used in this study to the road the electromagnetic field magnetization of tap water. In previous studies, there was no identification of the region where the effect of the electromagnetic field is manifested on tap water. This section outlines the analysis and investigation of the electrical parameters, obtained after fitting the experimental data of the impedance spectra by an equivalent electrical circuit.
The impedance of the studied system is given by: where, j is the imaginary number, j2=-1 The impedance of a CPE is a function of the angular frequency ω/rad s -1 , the adjustment factor p, the imaginary number j, and the amplitude T/sp -1 . For n=0, it is equivalent to a resistance (Q -1 =R), and for n=1, the CPE is equivalent to a normal capacitor (T=C). The phase angle of this CPE element over the complete frequency range is equal to −nπ/2.

Impedance analysis of magnetized water and tap water
In the electrical circuit, the polarization of the electrodes is not directly similar but can be schematized as a combination of some components (Ueno, 2012): A constant phase element (CPE) (Mghaiouini et al., 2020b) with the impedance of Warburg (W) in parallel to consider the displacement of ions. Impedances R and W show the total characteristics of the distribution of the probe in the electrolyte. These parameters are not able to monitor the distribution of the field as closely and do not show the same pace of polarization (Tijing et al., 2010). The constitution of the clusters of water molecules can be detectable by EIS in three ways: The growth of Raq is explained by the lowest number of free ions, the lowering of the polarization of the electrode for the same purpose, and the impotence of the largest water cluster to assist the electric field and form films, to appear as a change in CPE and W characteristics, respectively; shows the theoretical curve (line) and the experimental curve of tap water (points). The contribution of electrode polarization is confirmed by modeling curves using an electrical equivalent circuit (Fig. 24)

Study of the permittivity, complex conductivity, and phase angle
The evolution of the imaginary part (ε ′′ ) of the complex permittivity ε*(ω) as a function of the frequency at different samples is shown in Fig. 26b, including all samples which exhibited similar behavior. The imaginary part decreases with the growth of the frequency at low frequencies. At high frequency (HF), this plot shows a relaxation peak between 10 2 and 10 5 . The high-frequency spectrum asserts that the relaxation peak between the values of 102 and 105 at low frequency seems to be related to the diffusion mechanism. The relaxation mechanism is related to the semicircle observed at HF, and the diffusion mechanism is related to the line at LF. In general, the diffusion mechanism is related to the low-frequency line (LF). The intersection of the x-axis and the diameter of the semicircle represents the dielectric strength (Δε). The origin of this relaxation process seems to be to the Hz in the imaginary part of conductivity. The relaxation frequencies (τfr) shifts to the high frequencies below the 5min of time magnetization in the flow rate of the 0.6m/s. above this amount, all relaxations frequencies are almost constant for all the studied samples. At low frequency (LF), no clear relaxation peaks were identified in the imaginary part of the complex permittivity.
The Nyquist diagram shown in Fig. 26c reveals the change of the imaginary function (ε ′′ ) as a function of the real function (ε ′ ). All compositions showed similar behaviors, indicating that there are two processes convoluted in the evolution of the dielectric spectra. The first process at HF represents a relaxation behavior of the electrode polarization, while the second is attributed to the condensation of positively charged particles in the presence of mineral ions on the superficial part of an electrode (negative charge) when the numerous aggregations of the water cluster occur. The relaxation is shown in the inset of Fig. 26c representing the ε" as a function of ε'.
The impedance spectra (Fig. 26) present the real and imaginary function of the complex conductivity, and the imaginary function, according to the real part to analyze the change of the conductivity as a function of the frequency. Fur there more, the analysis of the imaginary part according to the frequency was carried out in order to trigger relaxations frequencies, which were proportional to the relaxation times, i.e., the time required for the material to turn to a state of equilibrium.
The variations of the total conductivity depicted in Fig. 27a are similar. The dominant influence is that due to the temperature. The variations of the latter shown in Fig. 27b are also similar. The evolution of the real conductivity as a function of the imaginary conductivity, shown in Fig. 27 presents a similar behavior. This representation was used to visualize the variation of resistance that is dependent on the magnetization, using the electromagnetic field produced by electromagnetic device technology. The variation of the resistor of bulk shown in Fig. 27d is quite identical. The curves presented in Fig. 27 enables us to visualize the variation of phase angle, which is dependent on the magnetization, using the electromagnetic field produced by technology.
Dielectric spectroscopy measurements showed that the phase angle appears to be dependent on the amount of the applied electromagnetic field. The loss factor increases within creasing moisture content. A greater magnetization gives rise to polarization and greater mobility.
This enables molecules, dipoles, and ions to assist the electric field and thereby absorb energy. A high loss factor and dissipative processes in the conductivity are attributed to motions of ions and cations and the magnetized cluster group (Dissado and Hill, 1989). Similar results were found in a previous study (Kaden et al., 2013). Energy dissipation, resulting from the energy absorbed during the exposure in the electromagnetic field by the polarization in the density of the clustered water, is the physical origin of the CPE in this study. Fig. 28 shows real (a) and Imaginary part (b) of conductivity complex vs. Frequency and (c) resistor of bulk and angle phase vs. frequency for the time of magnetization are 5min, v=0.6m/s at temperature 26.4°C and 80°C.   The variations of the total conductivity showed in Fig. 29a are identical. The dominant influence is caused by the temperature. The feature of the total conductivity curves shown in Fig. 29b is also similar. The curves were used to visualize relaxations that are independent of magnetization. The Variations in the total conductivity affirmed in Fig. 29c are similar as well. The variation that is dependent on the magnetization induced by the electromagnetic field produced by Aqua electromagnetic device technology was visualized. The evolution in the total conductivity affirmed in Fig. 29d is similar. Fig. 29e and Fig. 27d present the phase angle used to demonstrate the results of the fitted models of the EIS data since the phase angle provides more details than the magnitude. The variation of the phase angles is divided into three regions dependent on the frequencies. The charge is greater at high frequencies>1000 Hz, and the capacitive nature is noticeable at these frequencies. This result is always tuned to electrochemical mechanisms of the creation of the electrical double layer at the interface (Chahid et al., 2013;Laurati et al., 2012). Besides, this implies that a large amount of water molecules, anions and cations are present into the metal surface.

Impedance and diffusion of the molecular of magnetized water/tap water
In order to evaluate the impedance data, the analysis of electrical elements was discussed in the previous section. Hereafter, methods to calculate the diffusion coefficient and the water volume fraction are considered. The diffusion coefficient characterizes the amount of damaged water, which can also be measured by the EIS technique. The application of the Fickian method makes it possible to measure the diffusion coefficient. This method confirms that the constant is not proportional to the concentration. However, for many cationic and anionic solvents present in the treated water, the diffusion coefficient is proportional to the concentration (Bonora et al., 1996). Although, in many cases, no experimental evidence exists, it is assumed that the electromagnetic uptake process is Fickian.  A second approach was used to confirm that the change in moisture content is proportional to the change in capacity. Admitting that all types of water behave in the same way with respect to effects such as polarization and water/water distribution interactions. For a Fickian process, the relation between the amount of uptake energy and the diffusion coefficient can be found in textbooks (Reuvers et al., 2012). The Fickian absorption curve of theoretical weight is equal to the measured capacity. To calculate the diffusion coefficient, the ration of the capacity change was measured at the beginning of the experiment (Weisenberger and Koenig, 1989). The rate of water volume is often evaluated by the Brasher-Kingsbury equation in the electrochemical impedance domain. In this mathematical relationship, the electromagnetic waves, influencing the water, is calculated from the capacitance of the cluster water Cf (with EMF)/F at any time and the capacity upstream of the experiment Cf (without EMF)/F. Taking the dielectric constant of water to be equal to 80, the Brasher-Kingsbury equation is given by:

Conclusion
In this study, the effects of Electromagnetic field (EMF) on the partial physical properties of water are reported. The characteristics of tap water (TW) and magnetized water (MW) were measured in the same conditions. It was found that the properties of TW were changed following the EMF treatment, implying an increase of evaporation amount, and a decrease of specific heat and boiling point after magnetization. These changes depend strongly on the magnetization effect. In addition, electromagnetic field strength (EMFS) has a marked influence on the magnetization effect. Results provided a facile approach to improve cooling and power generation efficiency in industrial devices, which seems to be a promising method that allows saving the energy necessary to evaporate water.
Furthermore, the current study underlines the validity of monitoring of the magnetization using the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) with distinct dielectric properties and a high and a low dielectric constant, respectively. EIS is able to detect small traces of magnetization of the water, which cannot be detected by other techniques.
The next study will be carried out by impedance and dielectric spectroscopy in the frequency range going from 1 MHz to 20 GHz, coupled with an optical study. Liu Y, Suhartini S, Guo L, and Xiong Y (2016). Improved biological wastewater treatment and sludge characteristics by applying magnetic field to aerobic granules. Aims Bioengineering, 3 (4)