Volume 10, Issue 9 (September 2023), Pages: 186-195
----------------------------------------------
Original Research Paper
Social isolation and loneliness in older adults in the context of COVID-19
Author(s):
Lenka Lachytová *, Vitalii Horovenko
Affiliation(s):
Department of Social Studies Slovakia, Fakulty of Public Administration, Pavol Jozef Šafárik Univerzity, Košice, Slovakia
Full Text - PDF XML
* Corresponding Author.
Corresponding author's ORCID profile: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7736-7212
Digital Object Identifier:
https://doi.org/10.21833/ijaas.2023.09.021
Abstract:
The COVID-19 pandemic, accompanied by stringent social restrictions, wrought profound changes across various facets of human existence. Unprecedented measures, such as compulsory quarantines, curfews, and restrictions on mobility and social interactions, were implemented to mitigate infection rates. This paper delves into the repercussions of isolation, with a specific focus on its impact on the elderly population—an exceptionally vulnerable demographic. The primary objective of this study is to discern the ramifications of pandemic-induced isolation on the mental and physical well-being of senior citizens. This contribution underscores the comparative analysis of three prior studies that have illuminated the nexus between pandemic-induced isolation and heightened levels of anxiety, depression, and loneliness. A notable strength of this research lies in its comprehensive dataset, derived from comparisons with extant scientific literature and the utilization of diverse scientific methodologies. The preceding investigations centered on the Austrian populace, juxtaposing the effects of loneliness among senior citizens before and during the pandemic. However, these studies were constrained by their inability to explore the enduring consequences of isolation and loneliness post-repeal of anti-pandemic measures, and their incapacity to ascertain its correlation with senior citizens' mortality, particularly those residing in solitary circumstances. This article represents a partial outcome of the Project VEGA 1/0595/21-public administration interventions at the time of COVID-19 and their impact on the quality of life of citizens of selected communities.
© 2023 The Authors. Published by IASE.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Keywords: COVID-19 pandemic, Isolation, Senior citizens, Mental health, Physical health, Loneliness, Anxiety
Article History: Received 20 March 2023, Received in revised form 26 July 2023, Accepted 7 September 2023
Acknowledgment
No Acknowledgment.
Compliance with ethical standards
Conflict of interest: The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
Citation:
Lachytová L and Horovenko V (2023). Social isolation and loneliness in older adults in the context of COVID-19. International Journal of Advanced and Applied Sciences, 10(9): 186-195
Permanent Link to this page
Figures
Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Fig. 3 Fig. 4
Tables
Table 1 Table 2 Table 3
----------------------------------------------
References (30)
- Ayalon L (2020). There is nothing new under the sun: Ageism and intergenerational tension in the age of the COVID-19 outbreak. International Psychogeriatrics, 32(10): 1221-1224. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610220000575 [Google Scholar] PMid:32284078 PMCid:PMC7184144
- Brooks SK, Webster RK, Smith LE, Woodland L, Wessely S, Greenberg N, and Ve Rubin GJ (2020). The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: Rapid review of the evidence. Rapid Review, 395(10227): 912-920. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8 [Google Scholar] PMid:32112714
- Carleton RN, Afifi TO, Turner S, Taillieu T, Vaughan AD, Anderson GS, and Camp RD (2020). Mental health training, attitudes toward support, and screening positive for mental disorders. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 49(1): 55-73. https://doi.org/10.1080/16506073.2019.1575900 [Google Scholar] PMid:30794073
- Davidson J and Schimmele C (2019). Evolving internet use among Canadian seniors. Analytical Studies Branch Research Paper Series, Catalogue No. 11F0019M-No. 427, Statistics Canada, Ottawa, Canada. [Google Scholar]
- Erikson H (1950). Childhood and society. 2nd Edition, Norton and Company, New York, USA. [Google Scholar]
- GOC (2021). Social isolation among older adults during the pandemic. Government of Canada, Ottava, Canada. [Google Scholar]
- Hartley DM and Perencevich EN (2020). Public health interventions for COVID-19: Emerging evidence and implications for an evolving public health crisis. JAMA, 323(19): 1908-1909. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.5910 [Google Scholar] PMid:32275299
- Hawkley LC and Cacioppo JT (2010). Loneliness matters: A theoretical and empirical review of consequences and mechanisms. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 40(2): 218-227. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160-010-9210-8 [Google Scholar] PMid:20652462 PMCid:PMC3874845
- Holt-Lunstad J, Smith TB, Baker M, Harris T, and Stephenson D (2015). Loneliness and social isolation as risk factors for mortality: A meta-analytic review. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10(2): 227-237. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691614568352 [Google Scholar] PMid:25910392
- House JS (2001). Social isolation kills, but how and why? Psychosomatic Medicine, 63(2): 273-274. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006842-200103000-00011 [Google Scholar] PMid:11292275
- Ioannidis JP, Axfors C, and Contopoulos-Ioannidis DG (2020). Population-level COVID-19 mortality risk for non-elderly individuals overall and for non-elderly individuals without underlying diseases in pandemic epicenters. Environmental Research, 188: 109890. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.109890 [Google Scholar] PMid:32846654 PMCid:PMC7327471
- Kindred R and Bates GW (2023). The influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on social anxiety: A systematic review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(3): 2362. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032362 [Google Scholar] PMid:36767728 PMCid:PMC9915904
- Kotwal AA, Cenzer IS, Waite LJ, Covinsky KE, Perissinotto CM, Boscardin WJ, Hawkley LC, Dale W, and Smith AK (2021). The epidemiology of social isolation and loneliness among older adults during the last years of life. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 69(11): 3081-3091. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.17366 [Google Scholar] PMid:34247388 PMCid:PMC8595510
- Kübler-Ross E (1969). On death and dying. Macmillan, New York, USA. [Google Scholar]
- Marinucci M and Riva P (2021). Surrendering to social emptiness: Chronic social exclusion longitudinally predicts resignation in asylum seekers. British Journal of Social Psychology, 60(2): 429-447. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12410 [Google Scholar] PMid:32749000
- Naito R, Leong DP, Bangdiwala SI, McKee M, Subramanian SV, and Rangarajan S (2021). Impact of social isolation on mortality and morbidity in 20 high-income, middle-income and low-income countries in five continents. BMJ Global Health, 6(3): e004124. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2020-004124 [Google Scholar] PMid:33753400 PMCid:PMC7986654
- NASEM (2020). Social isolation and loneliness in older adults: Opportunities for the health care system. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Washington, USA. [Google Scholar]
- Palgi Y, Shrira A, Ring L, Bodner E, Avidor S, Bergman Y, Cohen-Fridel S, Keisari S, and Hoffman Y (2020). The loneliness pandemic: Loneliness and other concomitants of depression, anxiety and their comorbidity during the COVID-19 outbreak. Journal of Affective Disorders, 275: 109-111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.06.036 [Google Scholar] PMid:32658811 PMCid:PMC7330569
- Pancani L, Marinucci M, Aureli N, and Riva P (2021). Forced social isolation and mental health: A study on 1,006 Italians under COVID-19 lockdown. Frontiers in Psychology, 12: 663799. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.663799 [Google Scholar] PMid:34093358 PMCid:PMC8175900
- Peace R (2001). Social exclusion: A concept in need of definition? Social Policy Journal of New Zealand 16(16): 17-36. [Google Scholar]
- Petersen E, Fiske AP, and Schubert TW (2019). The role of social relational emotions for human-nature connectedness. Frontiers in Psychology, 10: 2759. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02759 [Google Scholar] PMid:31920812 PMCid:PMC6928140
- Pickering J, Wister AV, O’Dea E, and Chaudhury H (2023). Social isolation and loneliness among older adults living in rural areas during the COVID-19 pandemic: A scoping review. BMC Geriatrics, 23(1): 511. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-023-04196-3 [Google Scholar] PMid:37612647 PMCid:PMC10464360
- Rubin GJ and Wessely S (2020). The psychological effects of quarantining a city. BMJ, 368: m313. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m313 [Google Scholar] PMid:31992552
- Santini ZI and Koyanagi A (2021). Loneliness and its association with depressed mood, anxiety symptoms, and sleep problems in Europe during the COVID-19 pandemic. Acta Neuropsychiatrica, 33(3): 160-163. https://doi.org/10.1017/neu.2020.48 [Google Scholar] PMid:33427135 PMCid:PMC7844146
- Sepúlveda-Loyola W, Rodríguez-Sánchez I, Pérez-Rodríguez P, Ganz F, Torralba R, Oliveira DV, and Rodríguez-Mañas L (2020). Impact of social isolation due to COVID-19 on health in older people: Mental and physical effects and recommendations. The Journal of Nutrition, Health and Aging, 24: 938-947. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-020-1500-7 [Google Scholar] PMCid:PMC7597423
- Stolz E, Mayerl H, and Freidl W (2021). The impact of COVID-19 restriction measures on loneliness among older adults in Austria. European Journal of Public Health, 31(1): 44-49. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckaa238 [Google Scholar] PMid:33338225 PMCid:PMC7799060
- UN (2020). Policy brief: The impact of COVID-19 on older persons. United Nations, San Francisco, USA. [Google Scholar]
- WHO (2020). Mental health and COVID-19. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. [Google Scholar]
- Wilson RS, Krueger KR, Arnold SE, Schneider JA, Kelly JF, Barnes LL, and Bennett DA (2007). Loneliness and risk of Alzheimer disease. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64(2): 234-240. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.64.2.234 [Google Scholar] PMid:17283291
- Zimmerman S, Sloane PD, Katz PR, Kunze M, O'Neil K, and Resnick B (2020). The need to include assisted living in responding to the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 21(5): 572-575. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2020.03.024 [Google Scholar] PMid:32334770 PMCid:PMC7175842
|