International Journal of

ADVANCED AND APPLIED SCIENCES

EISSN: 2313-3724, Print ISSN: 2313-626X

Frequency: 12
line decor
  
line decor

 Volume 10, Issue 4 (April 2023), Pages: 6-11

----------------------------------------------

 Original Research Paper

Efficacy of auditory integration therapy (AIT) on plasma syntaxin1A (STX1A) levels and amelioration of behavioral, social, and sensory symptoms in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

 Author(s): 

 Laila Yousif Al-Ayadhi 1, 2, Nadra Elyass Elamin 2, *, Dost Muhammad Halepoto 2, Abdulrahman Mohammed Alhowikan 1

 Affiliation(s):

 1Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
 2Autism Research and Treatment Center, Faculty of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

  Full Text - PDF          XML

 * Corresponding Author. 

  Corresponding author's ORCID profile: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8267-3804

 Digital Object Identifier: 

 https://doi.org/10.21833/ijaas.2023.04.002

 Abstract:

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a pervasive neurodevelopmental disorder. Previous research reported the beneficial effects of Auditory Integration Training (AIT) on a considerable range of behavior and learning problems. Limited studies examined the association between AIT and biological biomarkers in autistic subjects. Therefore, this study aims to examine the effect of auditory integrative train­ing on the plasma syntaxin1A protein (STX1A) level and also to assess its impact on behavioral, social, and sensory symptoms in autistic children, using a sandwich enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA). Total scores of the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS), Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS), and Short Sensory Profile (SSP) were calculated before one month and three months after AIT for all participants. Results show that the plasma level of STX1A was significantly increased immediately, one month, and three months after AIT (P<0.05). Moreover, Pearson correlation (r) values between STX1A levels before and after AIT shows strong and positive significant correlations between STX1A levels before AIT and immediately after AIT (r=0.594, p=0.01) and one month after AIT (r=0.819, p=0.01). Additionally, our results revealed that behavioral, social, and sensory symptoms were significantly improved in terms of disease severity three months after AIT (p<0.05). The study supports the usefulness of AIT as a therapeutic intervention to improve some measures of ASD such as symptoms. It may also induce the up-regulation of STX1A in plasma in ASD subjects. However, Additional research, on a larger size population, is necessary to evaluate the AIT effect on behavioral and social changes in ASD children, and the up-regulation of STX1A.

 © 2023 The Authors. Published by IASE.

 This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

 Keywords: Autism spectrum disorder, Syntaxin1A, Auditory integration therapy, Synaptic proteins, Blood biomarkers

 Article History: Received 26 September 2022, Received in revised form 27 December 2022, Accepted 1 January 2023

 Acknowledgment 

We thank King Abdul Aziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), National Plan for Science and Technology and Innovation (MAARIFAH), and Vice Deanship of Research Chairs, at King Saud University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia for financial support (Award number: 08-MED 510-02).

 Compliance with ethical standards

 Ethical consideration

The present study was approved by the Ethical Committee of the College of Medicine at King Saud University, King Khalid Hospital. All procedures performed were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee, and with the most recent Helsinki Declaration. Informed written consent was obtained from the parents or the legal guardians of all subjects.

 Conflict of interest: The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

 Citation:

 Al-Ayadhi LY, Elamin NE, Halepoto DM, and Alhowikan AM (2023). Efficacy of auditory integration therapy (AIT) on plasma syntaxin1A (STX1A) levels and amelioration of behavioral, social, and sensory symptoms in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). International Journal of Advanced and Applied Sciences, 10(4): 6-11

 Permanent Link to this page

 Figures

 No Figure 

 Tables

 Table 1 Table 2 Table 3 Table 4 Table 5

----------------------------------------------    

 References (31)

  1. Al-Ayadhi L, Alhowikan AM, and Halepoto DM (2018). Impact of auditory integrative training on transforming growth factor-β1 and its effect on behavioral and social emotions in children with autism spectrum disorder. Medical Principles and Practice, 27(1): 23-29. https://doi.org/10.1159/000486572   [Google Scholar] PMid:29298441 PMCid:PMC5968258
  2. Al-Ayadhi L, El-Ansary A, Bjørklund G, Chirumbolo S, and Mostafa GA (2019). Impact of auditory integration therapy (AIT) on the plasma levels of human glial cell line–derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) in autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Molecular Neuroscience, 68(4): 688-695. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12031-019-01332-w   [Google Scholar] PMid:31073917
  3. Al-Ayadhi LY, Majeed Al-Drees A, and Al-Arfaj AM (2013). Effectiveness of auditory integration therapy in autism spectrum disorders-prospective study. Autism Insights, 5: 13-20. https://doi.org/10.4137/AUI.S11463   [Google Scholar]
  4. APA (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5. American Psychiatric Association, Washington, D.C., USA.   [Google Scholar]
  5. Balasco L, Provenzano G, and Bozzi Y (2020). Sensory abnormalities in autism spectrum disorders: A focus on the tactile domain, from genetic mouse models to the clinic. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 10: 1016. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.01016   [Google Scholar] PMid:32047448 PMCid:PMC6997554
  6. Baranek GT (2002). Efficacy of sensory and motor interventions for children with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 32(5): 397-422. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020541906063   [Google Scholar] PMid:12463517
  7. Bérard G (1993). Hearing equals behavior. Keats Publication, London, UK.   [Google Scholar]
  8. Chaste P and Leboyer M (2022). Autism risk factors: Genes, environment, and gene-environment interactions. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 14(3): 281-292. https://doi.org/10.31887/DCNS.2012.14.3/pchaste   [Google Scholar] PMid:23226953 PMCid:PMC3513682
  9. Chen J, Yu S, Fu Y, and Li X (2014). Synaptic proteins and receptors defects in autism spectrum disorders. Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience, 8: 276. https://doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2014.00276   [Google Scholar]
  10. Constantino JN, Davis SA, Todd RD, Schindler MK, Gross MM, Brophy SL, and Reich W (2003). Validation of a brief quantitative measure of autistic traits: Comparison of the social responsiveness scale with the autism diagnostic interview-revised. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 33(4): 427-433. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025014929212   [Google Scholar] PMid:12959421
  11. Dunn W (1999). Manual for the sensory profile. Psychological Corporation, Austin, USA. https://doi.org/10.1037/t15155-000   [Google Scholar]
  12. El-Ansary A, Hassan WM, Qasem H, and Das UN (2016). Identification of biomarkers of impaired sensory profiles among autistic patients. PLOS ONE, 11(11): e0164153. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0164153   [Google Scholar] PMid:27824861 PMCid:PMC5100977
  13. Fujiwara T, Kofuji T, Mishima T, and Akagawa K (2017). Syntaxin 1B contributes to regulation of the dopaminergic system through GABA transmission in the CNS. European Journal of Neuroscience, 46(12): 2867-2874. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.13779   [Google Scholar] PMid:29139159
  14. Fujiwara T, Sanada M, Kofuji T, and Akagawa K (2016). Unusual social behavior in HPC‐1/syntaxin1A knockout mice is caused by disruption of the oxytocinergic neural system. Journal of Neurochemistry, 138(1): 117-123. https://doi.org/10.1111/jnc.13634   [Google Scholar] PMid:27059771
  15. Joo Y and Benavides DR (2021). Local protein translation and RNA processing of synaptic proteins in autism spectrum disorder. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(6): 2811. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22062811   [Google Scholar] PMid:33802132 PMCid:PMC8001067
  16. Kofuji T, Hayashi Y, Fujiwara T, Sanada M, Tamaru M, and Akagawa K (2017). A part of patients with autism spectrum disorder has haploidy of HPC-1/syntaxin1A gene that possibly causes behavioral disturbance as in experimentally gene ablated mice. Neuroscience Letters, 644: 5-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2017.02.052   [Google Scholar] PMid:28235601
  17. Li N, Li L, Li G, and Gai Z (2018). The association of auditory integration training in children with autism spectrum disorders among Chinese: A meta-analysis. Bioscience Reports, 38(6): BSR20181412. https://doi.org/10.1042/BSR20181412   [Google Scholar] PMid:30429234 PMCid:PMC6294631
  18. Liu J, Fu H, Kong J, Yu H, and Zhang Z (2021). Association between autism spectrum disorder and polymorphisms in genes encoding serotine and dopamine receptors. Metabolic Brain Disease, 36(5): 865-870. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11011-021-00699-3   [Google Scholar] PMid:33644845
  19. Melland H, Carr EM, and Gordon SL (2021). Disorders of synaptic vesicle fusion machinery. Journal of Neurochemistry, 157(2): 130-164. https://doi.org/10.1111/jnc.15181   [Google Scholar] PMid:32916768
  20. Mudford OC, Cross BA, Breen S, Cullen C, Reeves D, Gould J, and Douglas J (2000). Auditory integration training for children with autism: No behavioral benefits detected. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 105(2): 118-129. https://doi.org/10.1352/0895-8017(2000)105<0118:AITFCW>2.0.CO;2   [Google Scholar] PMid:10755175
  21. Nakamura K, Anitha A, Yamada K, Tsujii M, Iwayama Y, Hattori E, and Mori N (2008). Genetic and expression analyses reveal elevated expression of syntaxin 1A (STX1A) in high functioning autism. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 11(8): 1073-1084. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1461145708009036   [Google Scholar] PMid:18593506
  22. Nakamura K, Iwata Y, Anitha A, Miyachi T, Toyota T, Yamada S, and Mori N (2011). Replication study of Japanese cohorts supports the role of STX1A in autism susceptibility. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 35(2): 454-458. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.11.033   [Google Scholar] PMid:21118708
  23. Pfeiffer BA, Koenig K, Kinnealey M, Sheppard M, and Henderson L (2011). Effectiveness of sensory integration interventions in children with autism spectrum disorders: A pilot study. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 65(1): 76-85. https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.2011.09205   [Google Scholar] PMid:21309374 PMCid:PMC3708964
  24. Pham E, Crews L, Ubhi K, Hansen L, Adame A, Cartier A, and Masliah E (2010). Progressive accumulation of amyloid‐β oligomers in Alzheimer’s disease and in amyloid precursor protein transgenic mice is accompanied by selective alterations in synaptic scaffold proteins. The FEBS Journal, 277(14): 3051-3067. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-4658.2010.07719.x   [Google Scholar] PMid:20573181 PMCid:PMC2933033
  25. Sauvola CW and Littleton JT (2021). SNARE regulatory proteins in synaptic vesicle fusion and recycling. Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience, 14: 733138. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnmol.2021.733138   [Google Scholar] PMid:34421538 PMCid:PMC8377282
  26. Schopler E, Reichler RJ, and Renner BR (1986). The childhood autism rating scale (CARS), for diagnostic screening and classification in Autism. Irvington, New York, USA.   [Google Scholar]
  27. Sinha Y, Silove N, Hayen A, and Williams K (2011). Auditory integration training and other sound therapies for autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 12: CD003681. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003681.pub3   [Google Scholar]
  28. Sinha Y, Silove N, Wheeler D, and Williams K (2006). Auditory integration training and other sound therapies for autism spectrum disorders: A systematic review. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 91(12): 1018-1022. https://doi.org/10.1136/adc.2006.094649   [Google Scholar] PMid:16887860 PMCid:PMC2082994
  29. Sokhadze EM, Casanova MF, Tasman A, and Brockett S (2016). Electrophysiological and behavioral outcomes of Berard auditory integration training (AIT) in children with autism spectrum disorder. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 41(4): 405-420. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10484-016-9343-z   [Google Scholar] PMid:27573986
  30. Vardar G, Chang S, Arancillo M, Wu YJ, Trimbuch T, and Rosenmund C (2016). Distinct functions of syntaxin-1 in neuronal maintenance, synaptic vesicle docking, and fusion in mouse neurons. Journal of Neuroscience, 36(30): 7911-7924. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1314-16.2016   [Google Scholar] PMid:27466336 PMCid:PMC6601879
  31. Yao F, Zhang K, Feng C, Gao Y, Shen L, Liu X, and Ni J (2021). Protein biomarkers of autism spectrum disorder identified by computational and experimental methods. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12: 554621. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.554621   [Google Scholar] PMid:33716802 PMCid:PMC7947305