International Journal of

ADVANCED AND APPLIED SCIENCES

EISSN: 2313-3724, Print ISSN: 2313-626X

Frequency: 12
line decor
  
line decor

 Volume 9, Issue 9 (September 2022), Pages: 112-117

----------------------------------------------

 Original Research Paper

 Examining the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on general self-efficacy among the frontlines

 Author(s): Hamdan Mohammad Albaqawi *

 Affiliation(s):

 College of Nursing, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia

  Full Text - PDF          XML

 * Corresponding Author. 

  Corresponding author's ORCID profile: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9749-9669

 Digital Object Identifier: 

 https://doi.org/10.21833/ijaas.2022.09.014

 Abstract:

This study aims to examine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on general self-efficacy among the frontlines in the northern region of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. This research employed a descriptive-correlational approach to examine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on general self-efficacy among the frontlines. The study took place at the major government hospitals in the northern region of Saudi Arabia. The researcher used simple random sampling to ensure the representativeness of the population. The frequency and percentage were utilized to determine the demographic profile of the respondents. T-test and one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) were used to determine significant differences. Moreover, bivariate-r was used to test whether a statistically significant relationship exists between the variables. This study was conducted between November and December 2021. Nurses scored high on the impact of event scale (38.83±21.62) and general self-efficacy (25.93±6.88). There are significant differences found on gender to IES (t=2.110; p<0.36), ward assignment (t=244; p<.034), age (F=11.28; p<.001), and years of experience (F=10.11; p<.001). Conversely, no significant difference was found on gender to GSE (t=-.847; p>.398) ward assignment (t=-1.092; p>.253), age (F=.212; p>.932), and years of experience (F=.611; p>.655). Lastly, there is no significant relationship between the impact of COVID-19 and general self-efficacy (r=.170; P<.75). Despite the psychological effects of COVID-19, nurses still cope with the challenges. Male nurses, those assigned in the COVID-ward, aged 26-30 years old, and with 16 years and more experience were most affected during the COVID-19. No significant difference was found in demographic characteristics of GSE, and lastly, no significant relationship between the impacts of COVID-19 on GSE.

 © 2022 The Authors. Published by IASE.

 This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

 Keywords: COVID-19, General self-efficacy, Frontlines, Impact, Saudi Arabia

 Article History: Received 2 April 2022, Received in revised form 15 June 2022, Accepted 15 June 2022

 Acknowledgment 

No Acknowledgment.

 Compliance with ethical standards

 Ethical consideration: 

This research has been approved and cleared by the Institutional Review Board of the University of Hail prior to disseminating online questionnaires (H-2021-012). Confidentiality, anonymity, and respect for the rights of the participants were fully assured in this study.

 Conflict of interest: The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

 Citation:

 Albaqawi HM (2022). Examining the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on general self-efficacy among the frontlines. International Journal of Advanced and Applied Sciences, 9(9): 112-117

 Permanent Link to this page

 Figures

 No Figure

 Tables

 Table 1 Table 2 Table 3 Table 4

----------------------------------------------    

 References (31)

  1. Ahmed MA, Jouhar R, Ahmed N, Adnan S, Aftab M, Zafar MS, and Khurshid Z (2020). Fear and practice modifications among dentists to combat novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(8): 2821. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17082821   [Google Scholar] PMid:32325888 PMCid:PMC7216192
  2. Alnazly E, Khraisat OM, Al-Bashaireh AM, and Bryant CL (2021). Anxiety depression stress fear and social support during COVID-19 pandemic among Jordanian healthcare workers. PLOS ONE, 16(3): e0247679. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247679   [Google Scholar] PMid:33711026 PMCid:PMC7954309
  3. An Y, Yang Y, Wang A, Li Y, Zhang Q, Cheung T, and Xiang YT (2020). Prevalence of depression and its impact on quality of life among frontline nurses in emergency departments during the COVID-19 outbreak. Journal of Affective Disorders, 276: 312-315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.06.047   [Google Scholar] PMid:32871661 PMCid:PMC7361044
  4. Aoyagi Y, Beck CR, Dingwall R, and Nguyen‐Van‐Tam JS (2015). Healthcare workers' willingness to work during an influenza pandemic: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, 9(3): 120-130. https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.12310   [Google Scholar] PMid:25807865 PMCid:PMC4415696
  5. Balkhy HH, Abolfotouh MA, Al-Hathlool RH, and Al-Jumah MA (2010). Awareness, attitudes, and practices related to the swine influenza pandemic among the Saudi public. BMC Infectious Diseases, 10: 42. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-10-42   [Google Scholar] PMid:20187976 PMCid:PMC2844401
  6. Bandura A (1999). Social cognitive theory of personality. Handbook of Personality, 2: 154-96.‏ https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-839X.00024   [Google Scholar]
  7. Cai H, Tu B, Ma J, Chen L, Fu L, Jiang Y, and Zhuang Q (2020). Psychological impact and coping strategies of frontline medical staff in Hunan between January and March 2020 during the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Hubei, China. Medical Science Monitor: International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research, 26: e924171-1. https://doi.org/10.12659/MSM.924171   [Google Scholar]
  8. Cao W, Fang Z, Hou G, Han M, Xu X, Dong J, and Zheng J (2020). The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China. Psychiatry Research, 287: 112934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112934   [Google Scholar] PMid:32229390 PMCid:PMC7102633
  9. Chen G, Gully SM, and Eden D (2001). Validation of a new general self-efficacy scale. Organizational Research Methods, 4(1): 62-83. https://doi.org/10.1177/109442810141004   [Google Scholar]
  10. Cramm JM, Strating MM, Roebroeck ME, and Nieboer AP (2013). The importance of general self-efficacy for the quality of life of adolescents with chronic conditions. Social Indicators Research, 113(1): 551-561. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-012-0110-0   [Google Scholar] PMid:23874059 PMCid:PMC3696170
  11. Cross MJ, March LM, Lapsley HM, Byrne E, and Brooks PM (2006). Patient self-efficacy and health locus of control: Relationships with health status and arthritis-related expenditure. Rheumatology, 45(1): 92-96. https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/kei114   [Google Scholar] PMid:16287930
  12. Fatima S and Jibeen T (2019). Interplay of self-efficacy and social support in predicting quality of life in cardiovascular patients in Pakistan. Community Mental Health Journal, 55(5): 855-864. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-018-0361-6   [Google Scholar]
  13. Galletta M, Piras I, Finco G, Meloni F, D'Aloja E, Contu P, and Portoghese I (2021). Worries, preparedness, and perceived impact of COVID-19 pandemic on nurses' mental health. Frontiers in Public Health, 9: 566700. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.566700   [Google Scholar] PMid:34123979 PMCid:PMC8187773
  14. Jones S, White S, Ormrod J, Sam B, Bull F, Pieh S, and van den Broek N (2020). Work-based risk factors and quality of life in health care workers providing maternal and newborn care during the Sierra Leone Ebola epidemic: Findings using the WHOQOL-BREF and HSE management standards tool. BMJ Open, 10(11): e032929. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-032929   [Google Scholar] PMid:33191248 PMCid:PMC7668354
  15. Kang X, Fang Y, Li S, Liu Y, Zhao D, Feng X, and Li P (2018). The benefits of indirect exposure to trauma: The relationships among vicarious posttraumatic growth, social support, and resilience in ambulance personnel in China. Psychiatry Investigation, 15(5): 452-459. https://doi.org/10.30773/pi.2017.11.08.1   [Google Scholar] PMid:29695152 PMCid:PMC5976003
  16. Lai J, Ma S, Wang Y, Cai Z, Hu J, Wei N, and Hu S (2020). Factors associated with mental health outcomes among health care workers exposed to coronavirus disease 2019. JAMA Network Open, 3(3): e203976. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3976   [Google Scholar] PMid:32202646 PMCid:PMC7090843
  17. Lai MC, Kassee C, Besney R, Bonato S, Hull L, Mandy W, and Ameis SH (2019). Prevalence of co-occurring mental health diagnoses in the autism population: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Psychiatry, 6(10): 819-829. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(19)30289-5   [Google Scholar]
  18. Lee SM, Kang WS, Cho AR, Kim T, and Park JK (2018). Psychological impact of the 2015 MERS outbreak on hospital workers and quarantined hemodialysis patients. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 87: 123-127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2018.10.003   [Google Scholar] PMid:30343247 PMCid:PMC7094631
  19. Liu X, Ping S, and Gao W (2019). Changes in undergraduate students’ psychological well-being as they experience university life. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(16): 2864. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16162864   [Google Scholar] PMid:31405114 PMCid:PMC6719208
  20. López-Atanes M, Recio-Barbero M, and Sáenz-Herrero M (2020). Are women still “the other”? Gendered mental health interventions for health care workers in Spain during COVID-19. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 12(S1): S243-S244. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000751   [Google Scholar] PMid:32538661
  21. Maben J and Bridges J (2020). COVID‐19: Supporting nurses’ psychological and mental health. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 29(15-16): 2742–2750. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.15307   [Google Scholar] PMid:32320509 PMCid:PMC7264545
  22. Manojlovich M (2005). Promoting nurses' self-efficacy: A leadership strategy to improve practice. The Journal of Nursing Administration, 35(5): 271-278. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005110-200505000-00011   [Google Scholar] PMid:15891491
  23. Milam LA, Cohen GL, Mueller C, and Salles A (2019). The relationship between self-efficacy and well-being among surgical residents. Journal of Surgical Education, 76(2): 321-328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsurg.2018.07.028   [Google Scholar] PMid:30245061 PMCid:PMC6380924
  24. Mo Y, Eyre DW, and Lumley SF et al. (2021). Transmission of community-and hospital-acquired SARS-CoV-2 in hospital settings in the UK: A cohort study. PLOS Medicine, 18(10): e1003816. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003816   [Google Scholar] PMid:34637439 PMCid:PMC8509983
  25. Mukhtar S (2020). Psychological health during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic outbreak. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 66(5): 512-516. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764020925835   [Google Scholar] PMid:32434402 PMCid:PMC7405632
  26. Pasay-an E (2020). Exploring the vulnerability of frontline nurses to COVID-19 and its impact on perceived stress. Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences, 15(5): 404-409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtumed.2020.07.003   [Google Scholar] PMid:32837507 PMCid:PMC7391952
  27. Pasay-an E, Alshammari F, Mostoles Jr R, Gattud V, Cajigal J, and Buta J (2022). Estudio cualitativo sobre las experiencias de las enfermeras en cuanto a estigma social en el contexto de la COVID-19 [A qualitative study on nurses’ experiences with social stigma in the context of COVID-19]. Enfermería Clínica, 32(2): 75-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enfcli.2021.05.004   [Google Scholar] PMid:34149283 PMCid:PMC8196320
  28. Segerstrom SC and Miller GE (2004). Psychological stress and the human immune system: A meta-analytic study of 30 years of inquiry. Psychological Bulletin, 130(4): 601-630. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.130.4.601   [Google Scholar] PMid:15250815 PMCid:PMC1361287
  29. Weiss DS (2007). The impact of event scale: Revised. In: Wilson JP and Tang CSK (Eds.), Cross-cultural assessment of psychological trauma and PTSD-International and Cultural Psychology Series: 219-238. Springer, Boston, USA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-70990-1_10   [Google Scholar]
  30. Woon LSC, Leong Bin Abdullah MFI, Sidi H, Mansor NS, and Nik Jaafar NR (2021). Depression, anxiety, and the COVID-19 pandemic: Severity of symptoms and associated factors among university students after the end of the movement lockdown. PLOS ONE, 16(5): e0252481. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252481   [Google Scholar] PMid:34043731 PMCid:PMC8158968
  31. Xiang YT, Jin Y, and Cheung T (2020). Joint international collaboration to combat mental health challenges during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. JAMA Psychiatry, 77(10): 989-990. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.1057   [Google Scholar] PMid:32275289