International Journal of

ADVANCED AND APPLIED SCIENCES

EISSN: 2313-3724, Print ISSN: 2313-626X

Frequency: 12
line decor
  
line decor

 Volume 9, Issue 2 (February 2022), Pages: 9-21

----------------------------------------------

 Original Research Paper

 Title: Entrepreneurship in higher education: The key role of self-efficacy-A cross sectional study

 Author(s): José Ramalho 1, *, Carla Carvalho 1, Pedro Parreira 2, Eduardo Leite 3, Lisete Mónico 1, Anabela Salgueiro-Oliveira 2

 Affiliation(s):

 1Center for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive Behavioral Intervention, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Paço das Escolas, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
 2The Health Sciences Research Unit: Nursing (UICISA: E), Nursing School of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
 3Centro de Investigação, Desenvolvimento e Inovação em Turismo, University of Madeira, CiTUR, Funchal, Portugal

  Full Text - PDF          XML

 * Corresponding Author. 

  Corresponding author's ORCID profile: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3351-5003

 Digital Object Identifier: 

 https://doi.org/10.21833/ijaas.2022.02.002

 Abstract:

Entrepreneurship is the engine of a nation's economic, cultural, and social development. Since Higher Education Institutions play a crucial role, it is important to analyze the academy's entrepreneurial education effectiveness in promoting entrepreneurial intention amongst students. This study aims to analyze the effect of the education agenda of a Higher Education Institution on the students’ entrepreneurial intention, exploring the effect of self-efficacy as a mediator. A quantitative, cross-sectional, and non-experimental study was performed. A sample of 176 Portuguese higher education students fulfilled the “Entrepreneurial Motivations Survey,” which includes the HEInnovate Self-Assessment Scale, the Self-Efficacy Scale, and the Entrepreneurial Intention Scale. Data analysis was performed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), AMOS, and PROCESS software. Through structural equation models, it was created a mediation model to assess the impact of the University education agenda on the entrepreneurial intention of the students. All scales showed adequate validity and reliability. The Faculty was not perceived as an entrepreneurial academy by the students. The results did not show a direct effect of the entrepreneurial education agenda on the students’ entrepreneurial intention. The effects emerged through self-efficacy, which plays a mediating effect between entrepreneurial education agenda on the students’ entrepreneurial intention. The entrepreneurship agenda didn’t directly influence the entrepreneurial intention. It is mandatory to offer a rich agenda in order to improve the students’ entrepreneurial competencies, preparing them to strive in the competitive market, in which self-efficacy plays an important role. 

 © 2022 The Authors. Published by IASE.

 This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

 Keywords: Entrepreneurial intention, Higher education institutions, HEInnovate, Self-efficacy, Students entrepreneurial education

 Article History: Received 26 April 2021, Received in revised form 4 October 2021, Accepted 26 November 2021

 Acknowledgment 

No Acknowledgment.

 Compliance with ethical standards

 Conflict of interest: The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

 Citation:

 Ramalho J, Carvalho C, and Parreira P et al. (2022). Entrepreneurship in higher education: The key role of self-efficacy-A cross sectional study. International Journal of Advanced and Applied Sciences, 9(2): 9-21

 Permanent Link to this page

 Figures

 Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Fig. 3 Fig. 4

 Tables

 Table 1 Table 2 Table 3 Table 4 Table 5 Table 6   

----------------------------------------------    

 References (66)

  1. Ajzen I (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2): 179-211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T   [Google Scholar]
  2. Arbuckle JL (2013). Amos 22 user’s guide. SPSS, Chicago, USA.   [Google Scholar]
  3. Arranz N, Ubierna F, Arroyabe MF, Perez C, and Fdez. de Arroyabe JC (2017). The effect of curricular and extracurricular activities on university students’ entrepreneurial intention and competences. Studies in Higher Education, 42(11): 1979-2008. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2015.1130030   [Google Scholar]
  4. Baidi B and Suyatno B (2018). Effect of entrepreneurship education, self-efficacy and need for achievement toward students’ entrepreneurship intention: Case study in Febi, Iain Surakarta, Indonesia. Journal of Entrepreneurship Education, 21(2): 1-16.   [Google Scholar]
  5. Bandura A (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84(2): 191-215. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.84.2.191   [Google Scholar] PMid:847061 PMCid:PMC4010856
  6. Beeftink F, Van Eerde W, Rutte CG, and Bertrand JWM (2012). Being successful in a creative profession: The role of innovative cognitive style, self-regulation, and self-efficacy. Journal of Business and Psychology, 27(1): 71-81. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-011-9214-9   [Google Scholar] PMid:22363100 PMCid:PMC3278614
  7. Bentler PM (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107(2): 238-246. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.238   [Google Scholar] PMid:2320703
  8. Bollen KA (1989). Structural equations with latent variables. Volume 210, John Wiley and Sons, Hoboken, USA. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118619179   [Google Scholar]
  9. Brown TA (2015). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. Guilford publications, New York, USA.   [Google Scholar]
  10. Cacciotti G and Hayton JC (2015). Fear and entrepreneurship: A review and research agenda. International Journal of Management Reviews, 17(2): 165-190. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijmr.12052   [Google Scholar]
  11. Chen SC, Hsiao HC, Chang JC, Chou CM, Chen CP, and Shen CH (2015). Can the entrepreneurship course improve the entrepreneurial intentions of students? International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 11(3): 557-569. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-013-0293-0   [Google Scholar]
  12. Cohen JW (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. 2nd Edition, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, USA.   [Google Scholar]
  13. Corso R (2020). Building an innovative and entrepreneurial dimension in an institution of higher education. Higher Education for the Future, 7(2): 200-214. https://doi.org/10.1177/2347631120930559   [Google Scholar]
  14. Davidsson P (2003). The domain of entrepreneurship research: Some suggestions. In: Katz JA and Shepherd DA (Eds.), Cognitive approaches to entrepreneurship research (Advances in entrepreneurship, firm emergence and growth): 315-372. Volume 6, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, Bingley, UK. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1074-7540(03)06010-0   [Google Scholar]
  15. EC (2012). Communication from the commission to the European parliament, the council, the European economic and social committee and the committee of the regions, a blueprint to safeguard Europe’s water resources. European Commission Brussels, Belgium.   [Google Scholar]
  16. Esfandiar K, Sharifi-Tehrani M, Pratt S, and Altinay L (2019). Understanding entrepreneurial intentions: A developed integrated structural model approach. Journal of Business Research, 94: 172-182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2017.10.045   [Google Scholar]
  17. Farhangmehr M, Gonçalves P, and Sarmento M (2016). Predicting entrepreneurial motivation among university students: The role of entrepreneurship education. Education and Training, 58: 861-881. https://doi.org/10.1108/ET-01-2016-0019   [Google Scholar]
  18. Fornell C and Larcker DF (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1): 39-50. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800104   [Google Scholar]
  19. Gibb A and Hannon P (2006). Towards the entrepreneurial university. International Journal of Entrepreneurship Education, 4(1): 73-110.   [Google Scholar]
  20. Gurel E, Altinay L, and Daniele R (2010). Tourism students’ entrepreneurial intentions. Annals of Tourism Research, 37(3): 646-669. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2009.12.003   [Google Scholar]
  21. Hartsenko J and Venesaar U (2017). Impact of entrepreneurship teaching models on students’ entrepreneurial intentions: The case of Estonia and Hungary. Research in Economics and Business: Central and Eastern Europe, 9: 72-92.   [Google Scholar]
  22. Hayes A (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. The Guilford Press, New York, USA.   [Google Scholar]
  23. Hill MM and Hill A (2012). Investigação por questionário. 2nd Edition. Edições Sílabo, Lisboa, Portugal.   [Google Scholar]
  24. Hutchinson JC, Sherman T, Martinovic N, and Tenenbaum G (2008). The effect of manipulated self-efficacy on perceived and sustained effort. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 20(4): 457-472. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200802351151   [Google Scholar]
  25. Islam T, Ali G, and Niazi AAK (2018). Entrepreneurial intentions: The role of entrepreneurial education. Journal of Research and Reflections in Education, 12: 56-67.   [Google Scholar]
  26. Jahani S, Babazadeh M, Haghighi S, and Cheraghian B (2018). The effect of entrepreneurship education on self-efficacy beliefs and entrepreneurial intention of nurses. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, 12(6): 8-21. https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2018/31525.11654   [Google Scholar]
  27. Jang Y, Hadley B, Son J, and Song C (2019). Determinants of students’ entrepreneurial intention to compete in a fast-pitch competition. Journal of Education for Business, 94(6): 359-368. https://doi.org/10.1080/08832323.2018.1540389   [Google Scholar]
  28. Kline RB (2015). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford Publications, New York, USA.   [Google Scholar]
  29. Kolvereid L and Moen Ø (1997). Entrepreneurship among business graduates: Does a major in entrepreneurship make a difference? Journal of European Industrial Training, 21(4): 154-160. https://doi.org/10.1108/03090599710171404   [Google Scholar]
  30. Kramer FR (1985). A overview of descriptive research. Journal of the Association of Pediatric Oncology Nurses, 2(2): 41-45. https://doi.org/10.1177/104345428500200208   [Google Scholar] PMid:3848484
  31. Kritskaya L and Kritskaya V (2016). Analyzing educators’ perspectives on the effects of entrepreneurship education on students’ entrepreneurial intentions. In The 11th European Conference on Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Jyväskylä, Finland: 425-434.   [Google Scholar]
  32. Krueger N and Dickson PR (1994). How believing in ourselves increases risk taking: Perceived self‐efficacy and opportunity recognition. Decision Sciences, 25(3): 385-400. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5915.1994.tb01849.x   [Google Scholar]
  33. Leite DAEM, Ribeiro HNR, Alves SR, Kurowska-Pysz J, and da Silva AF (2021). Business lessons from an early entrepreneur: The case of Doña Gracia Nasi. In: Aleksic A, Ruzic V, and Baracskai Z (Eds.), Economic and social development (Book of Proceedings; 65th International Scientific Conference on Economic and Social): 172-179. Varazdin Development and Entrepreneurship Agency, Varazdin, Croatia.   [Google Scholar]
  34. Levin KA (2006). Study design III: Cross-sectional studies. Evidence-Based Dentistry, 7(1): 24-25. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ebd.6400375   [Google Scholar] PMid:16557257
  35. Low MB and MacMillan IC (1988). Entrepreneurship: Past research and future challenges. Journal of Management, 14(2): 139-161. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920638801400202   [Google Scholar]
  36. Mahendra AM, Djatmika ET, and Hermawan A (2017). The effect of entrepreneurship education on entrepreneurial intention mediated by motivation and attitude among management students, state university of Malang, Indonesia. International Education Studies, 10(9): 61-69. https://doi.org/10.5539/ies.v10n9p61   [Google Scholar]
  37. Manyaka-Boshielo SJ (2019). Towards entrepreneurship education: Empowering township members to take ownership of the township economy. HTS: Theological Studies, 75: 1. https://doi.org/10.4102/hts.v75i1.5166   [Google Scholar]
  38. Marôco J (2014). Análise de equações estruturais: Fundamentos teóricos, software and aplicações. 2nd Edition, ReportNumber, Pêro Pinheiro, Portugal.   [Google Scholar]
  39. Martinho V (2010). Entrepreneurship: What’s happening? Millenium, 39: 163-176.   [Google Scholar]
  40. Mónico L, Carvalho C, Nejati S, Arraya M, and Parreira P (2021). Entrepreneurship education and its influence on higher education students’ entrepreneurial intentions and motivation in Portugal. Brazilian Administration Review, 18(3), e190088. https://doi.org/10.1590/1807-7692bar2021190088   [Google Scholar]
  41. Moriano JA, Gorgievski M, Laguna M, Stephan U, and Zarafshani K (2012). A cross-cultural approach to understanding entrepreneurial intention. Journal of Career Development, 39(2): 162-185. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894845310384481   [Google Scholar]
  42. Moriano JA, Palací FJ, and Morales JF (2006). Adaptación y validación en España de la escala de Autoeficacia Emprendedora. Revista de Psicología Social, 21(1): 51-64. https://doi.org/10.1174/021347406775322223   [Google Scholar]
  43. Mwasalwiba ES (2010). Entrepreneurship education: A review of its objectives, teaching methods, and impact indicators. Education and Training, 52(1): 20-47. https://doi.org/10.1108/00400911011017663   [Google Scholar]
  44. Noel TW (2001). Effects of entrepreneurial education on intent to open a business. Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, 5: 78-146.   [Google Scholar]
  45. Nunnaly JC. (1978). Psychometric methods. 2nd Edition, McGraw Hill, New York, USA.   [Google Scholar]
  46. Obembe E, Otesile O, and Ukpong I (2014). Understanding the students’ perspectives towards entrepreneurship. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 145: 5-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.06.005   [Google Scholar]
  47. OECD (2014). HEinnovate reviews: Universities, entrepreneurship, and local development. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris, France.   [Google Scholar]
  48. Oliveira BMDF, Vieira DA, Laguía A, Moriano JA, and Salazar Soares VJ (2016). Entrepreneurial intention among university students: Adaptation and validation of a scale (QIE). Avaliação Psicológica, 15(2): 187-196. https://doi.org/10.15689/ap.2016.1502.07   [Google Scholar]
  49. Omidi NM, Zamani M, and Mirdamadi M (2016). Designing a model for entrepreneurial intentions of agricultural students. Journal of Education for Business, 91(6): 338-346. https://doi.org/10.1080/08832323.2016.1218318   [Google Scholar]
  50. Paço AMF, Ferreira JM, Raposo M, Rodrigues RG, and Dinis A (2011). Behaviors and entrepreneurial intention: Empirical findings about secondary students. Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 9(1): 20-38. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10843-010-0071-9   [Google Scholar]
  51. Parreira PMDS, dos Santos Mónico L, de Carvalho CMS, and da Silva ACR (2018). Entrepreneurship in higher education: The effect of academy, motivation, resources, incentives, and self-efficacy in the entrepreneurship potential. In: Mura L (Ed.), Entrepreneurship: Development tendencies and empirical approach: 329-350. BoD–Books on Demand, Norderstedt, Germany. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.71695   [Google Scholar]
  52. Parreira PMSD, Carvalho CMSD, Mónico LDS, and Santos ASMDOP (2017). Empreendedorismo no ensino superior: Estudo psicométrico da escala oportunidades e recursos para empreender. Revista Psicologia Organizações e Trabalho, 17(4): 269-278. https://doi.org/10.17652/rpot/2017.4.13736   [Google Scholar]
  53. Prodan I and Drnovsek M (2010). Conceptualizing academic-entrepreneurial intentions: An empirical test. Technovation, 30(5-6): 332-347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2010.02.002   [Google Scholar]
  54. Proença S and Sanches P (2016). Práticas de Educação para o Empreendedorismo– o caso do Politécnico de Coimbra. In: Foa C, Crespo M, and Cardoso G (Eds.), Atas das II Jornadas Ensino do Empreendedorismo: 249-264. Pedro Nunes Institute, Coimbra, Portugal.   [Google Scholar]
  55. Rae D and Woodier-Harris NR (2013). How does enterprise and entrepreneurship education influence postgraduate students' career intentions in the New Era economy? Education+ Training, 55(8-9): 926-948. https://doi.org/10.1108/ET-07-2013-0095   [Google Scholar]
  56. Schmitt A, Rosing K, Zhang SX, and Leatherbee M (2018). A dynamic model of entrepreneurial uncertainty and business opportunity identification: Exploration as a mediator and entrepreneurial self-efficacy as a moderator. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 42(6): 835-859. https://doi.org/10.1177/1042258717721482   [Google Scholar]
  57. Schumacker RE and Lomax RG (2004). A beginner's guide to structural equation modeling. Psychology Press, Hove, UK. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781410610904   [Google Scholar]
  58. Schumpeter JA (1947). The creative response in economic history. The Journal of Economic History, 7(2): 149-159. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022050700054279   [Google Scholar]
  59. Sultan MF, Maqsood A, and Shrif HM (2016). Impact of entrepreneurial education on students entrepreneurial intentions. KASBIT Business Journals, 9(1): 131-153.   [Google Scholar]
  60. Teixeira AA and Davey T (2010). Attitudes of higher education students to new venture creation: A preliminary approach to the Portuguese case. Industry and Higher Education, 24(5): 323-341. https://doi.org/10.5367/ihe.2010.0005   [Google Scholar]
  61. Thompson CL, Kuah AT, Foong R, and Ng ES (2020). The development of emotional intelligence, self‐efficacy, and locus of control in Master of Business Administration students. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 31(1): 113-131. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrdq.21375   [Google Scholar]
  62. Van Praag CM (1999). Some classic views on entrepreneurship. De Economist, 147(3): 311-335. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1003749128457   [Google Scholar]
  63. Wang JH, Chang CC, Yao SN, and Liang C (2016). The contribution of self-efficacy to the relationship between personality traits and entrepreneurial intention. Higher Education, 72(2): 209-224. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-015-9946-y   [Google Scholar]
  64. Wennekers S and Thurik R (1999). Linking entrepreneurship and economic growth. Small Business Economics, 13(1): 27-56. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008063200484   [Google Scholar]
  65. Yoon J and Kayes DC (2016). Employees' self‐efficacy and perception of individual learning in teams: The cross‐level moderating role of team‐learning behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 37(7): 1044-1060. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2092   [Google Scholar]
  66. Zhao H, Seibert SE, and Hills GE (2005). The mediating role of self-efficacy in the development of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(6): 1265-1272. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.90.6.1265   [Google Scholar] PMid:16316279