International Journal of

ADVANCED AND APPLIED SCIENCES

EISSN: 2313-3724, Print ISSN: 2313-626X

Frequency: 12
line decor
  
line decor

 Volume 7, Issue 2 (February 2020), Pages: 99-112

----------------------------------------------

 Original research Paper

 Title: Evaluation of water quality parameters using numerical modeling approach for the El-Salam Canal in Egypt

 Author(s): Walid M. A. Khalifa 1, 2, *

 Affiliation(s):

 1Civil Engineering Department, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt
 2Civil Engineering Department, Hail University, Hail, Saudi Arabia

  Full Text - PDF          XML

 * Corresponding Author. 

  Corresponding author's ORCID profile: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8630-4301

 Digital Object Identifier: 

 https://doi.org/10.21833/ijaas.2020.02.014

 Abstract:

The El-Salam Canal was designed to supply irrigation water in the northern Delta and crossing the Suez Canal eastward to the northern Sinai Peninsula in Egypt. The canal receives both the Nile water and contaminated drainage water with a ratio of 1:1. The drainage water comes mostly from Hadous and El-Serw pumping stations. In this regard, the water quality of the El-Salam Canal can be estimated to check the level of usage. So, the water quality of the El-Salam Canal was simulated using the one-dimensional surface water quality model (AQUASIM). The water quality simulation focuses on five nutrients: chlorophyll-a (Chll-a), ammonia (NH4), nitrate (NO3), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and dissolved oxygen (DO), based on the kinetic rates of production-death-respiration of Chll-a, nitrification-denitrification of NH4 and NO3, reaeration-oxidation-deoxidation of DO and COD. The calibration and validation were performed for the model predictions along the El-Salam Canal. The accuracy of the AQUASIM model was evaluated applying various statistical rating tools. The water quality variation along the El-Salam Canal is evaluated using the water quality index (WQI). The results were affected by agricultural and domestic uses. The canal is acceptable for irrigation with much concern of pre-treatment in the Hadous drain (one of the main drainage providing the El-Salam Canal). Further, the El-Salam Canal showed a decline in DO with respect to the flow profile as a tropical zone of north Egypt especially in summer. The outcomes acquired in this study will facilitate the development of a policy for the operational enhancement of sustainable water quality in the El-Salam Canal. 

 © 2020 The Authors. Published by IASE.

 This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

 Keywords: El-Salam Canal, Water quality, Eutrophication, AQUASIM, Water quality index

 Article History: Received 24 September 2019, Received in revised form 18 December 2019, Accepted 21 December 2019

 Acknowledgment:

No Acknowledgment.

 Compliance with ethical standards

 Conflict of interest:  The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

 Citation:

 Khalifa WMA (2020). Evaluation of water quality parameters using numerical modeling approach for the El-Salam Canal in Egypt. International Journal of Advanced and Applied Sciences, 7(2): 99-112

 Permanent Link to this page

 Figures

 Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Fig. 3 Fig. 4 Fig. 5 Fig. 6 Fig. 7 

 Tables

 Table 1 Table 2 Table 3 Table 4

----------------------------------------------

 References (71) 

  1. Abdul-Aziz OI and Ishtiaq KS (2014). Robust empirical modeling of dissolved oxygen in small rivers and streams: Scaling by a single reference observation. Journal of Hydrology, 511: 648-657. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.02.022   [Google Scholar]
  2. Abukila AF, El Kholy RMS, and Kandil MI (2012). Assessment of water resources management and quality of El Salam Canal, Egypt. International Journal of Environmental Engineering, 4(1/2): 34-54. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJEE.2012.048101   [Google Scholar]
  3. Abu-Zeid M (1995). Major policies and programs for irrigation drainage and water resources development in Egypt. In: Hakim AT (Ed.), Egyptian Agriculture Profile: 33-49. CIHEAM IAM Montpellier, Montpellier, France.   [Google Scholar]
  4. Ahmed HA, Mosalem TM, Abd-El Hady ES, and Abdel-Fattah AS (2018). Assessment of water quality of El-Salam Canal west of Suez Canal, Egypt. Journal of Soil Science and Agricultural Engineering, 9(1): 43-46. https://doi.org/10.21608/jssae.2018.35540   [Google Scholar]
  5. Ambrose RB, Wool TA, and Martin JL (1993). The water quality analysis simulation program, WASP5, Part A: Model documentation. Environmental Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, USA.   [Google Scholar]
  6. Ambrose RBJ, Wool TA, Martin JL, Shanahan P, and Alam MM (2001). WASP–Water quality analysis simulation program, Version 5.2-MDEP, model documentation. Environmental Research Laboratory and AScI Corporation, Athens, USA.   [Google Scholar]
  7. APHA (1985). Standard methods for the examination of water and waste water. 16th Edition, American Public Health Association, Washington, USA.   [Google Scholar]
  8. Assar W, Allam A, and Tawfik A (2018). Assessment and data assimilation of agricultural drainage water for reuse in irrigation purposes. In the Advances in Science and Engineering Technology International Conferences, IEEE, Abu Dhabi, UAE: 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICASET.2018.8376764   [Google Scholar]
  9. Assar W, Ibrahim MG, Mahmod W, and Fujii M (2019). Assessing the agricultural drainage water with water quality indices in the El-Salam Canal mega project, Egypt. Water, 11(5): 1013. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11051013   [Google Scholar]
  10. Benedini M and Tsakiris G (2013). Water quality modelling for rivers and streams. Springer Science and Business Media, Berlin, Germany. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5509-3   [Google Scholar]
  11. Bora M and Goswami DC (2017). Water quality assessment in terms of water quality index (WQI): Case study of the Kolong River, Assam, India. Applied Water Science, 7(6): 3125-3135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-016-0451-y   [Google Scholar]
  12. Borchardt D and Reichert P (2001). River water quality model no. 1 (RWQM1): Case study. I. Compartmentalisation approach applied to oxygen balances in the River Lahn (Germany). Water Science and Technology, 43(5): 41-49. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0247   [Google Scholar]
  13. Brhane GK (2016). Irrigation water quality index and GIS approach based groundwater quality assessment and evaluation for irrigation purpose in Ganta Afshum selected Kebeles, Northern Ethiopia. International Journal of Emerging Trends in Science and Technology, 3(09): 4624-4636. https://doi.org/10.18535/ijetst/v3i09.10   [Google Scholar]
  14. Brown L and Barnwell T (1987). The enhanced stream water quality models QUAL2E and QUAL2E-UNCAS: Documentation and user manual. EPA/600/3-87/007, Environmental Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, Georgia, USA.   [Google Scholar]
  15. Brown RM, McClelland NI, Deininger RA, and O’Connor MF (1972). A water quality index—Crashing the psychological barrier. In: Thomas WA (Ed.), Indicators of environmental quality: 173-182. Springer, Boston, USA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-2856-8_15   [Google Scholar]
  16. Chai T and Draxler RR (2014). Root mean square error (RMSE) or mean absolute error (MAE)?–Arguments against avoiding RMSE in the literature. Geoscientific Model Development, 7(3): 1247-1250. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-1247-2014   [Google Scholar]
  17. Chandra SD, Asadi SS, and Raju MVS (2017). Estimation of water quality index by weighted arithmetic water quality index method: A model study. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 8(4): 1215-1222.   [Google Scholar]
  18. Chapra SC (1997). Surface water quality modeling. McGraw-Hill, New York, USA.   [Google Scholar]
  19. Chapra SC, Pelletier GJ, and Tao H (2006). QUAL2K: A modeling framework for simulating river and stream water quality, version 2.04: Documentation and user's manual. Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Tufts University, Medford, USA.   [Google Scholar]
  20. Chen H, Ma L, Guo W, Yang Y, Guo T, and Feng C (2013). Linking water quality and quantity in environmental flow assessment in deteriorated ecosystems: A food web view. PloS One, 8(7): e70537. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0070537   [Google Scholar] PMid:23894669 PMCid:PMC3722155
  21. Cole TM and Wells SA (2006). CE-QUAL-W2: A two-dimensional, laterally averaged, hydrodynamic and water quality model: Version 3.5. Instruction Report EL-06-1, US Army Engineering and Research Development Center, Vicksburg, USA.   [Google Scholar]
  22. Darapu SSK, Sudhakar B, Krishna KSR, Rao PV, and Sekhar MC (2011). Determining water quality index for the evaluation of water quality of river Godavari. International Journal of Environmental Research and Application, 1(2): 174-182.   [Google Scholar]
  23. Di Toro DM and Matystik Jr WF (1980). Mathematical models of water quality in large lakes part 1: Lake Huron and Saginaw Bay. EPA-600/3-80-056, Environmental Research Laboratory Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency Duluth, USA.   [Google Scholar]
  24. Di Toro DM, O'Connor DJ, and Thomann RV (1971). A dynamic model of the phytoplankton population in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. In: Hem JD (Ed.), Nonequilibrium systems in natural water chemistry: 131-180. Volume 106, ACS Publications, Washington, USA. https://doi.org/10.1021/ba-1971-0106.ch005   [Google Scholar]
  25. Dick JJ, Soulsby C, Birkel C, Malcolm I, and Tetzlaff D (2016). Continuous dissolved oxygen measurements and modelling metabolism in Peatland Streams. PloS One, 11(8): e0161363. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0161363   [Google Scholar] PMid:27556278 PMCid:PMC4996464
  26. Donia NS (2012). Development of El-Salam canal automation system. Journal of Water Resource and Protection, 4(8): 597-604. https://doi.org/10.4236/jwarp.2012.48069   [Google Scholar]
  27. El-Amier YA, Abdel-Hamid MI, Abdel-Aal EI, and El-Far GM (2017). Water quality assessment of El-Salam Canal (Egypt) based on physico-chemical characteristics in addition to hydrophytes and their epiphytic algae. International Journal of Ecology and Development Research, 3(1): 028-044.   [Google Scholar]
  28. El-Degwi AMM, Ewida FM, and Gawad SM (2003). Estimating BOD pollution rates along El-Salam canal using monitored water quality data (1998-2001). In the 9th International Drainage Workshop, Utrecht, Netherlands: 10-13.   [Google Scholar]
  29. El-Desouky I (1993). El-Salam Canal project-Suez Canal syphon crossing: A hydraulic model study. Technical Report, Hydraulics and Sediment Research Institute (HSRI), Cairo, Egypt.   [Google Scholar]
  30. Elkorashey RM (2012). Investigating the water quality of El-Salam Canal to reconnoiter the possibility of implementing it for irrigation purposes. Nature and Science, 10(11): 199-205.   [Google Scholar]
  31. EL-Sheekh MM, Deyab MAI, Desouki SS, and Eladl M (2010). Phytoplankton compositions as a response of water quality in EL-Salam Canal Hadous drain and Damietta branch of river Nile Egypt. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 42(4): 2621-2633.   [Google Scholar]
  32. FAO (2007). Egypt’s experience in irrigation and drainage research uptake. Final Report, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.   [Google Scholar]
  33. Fischer HB, Liet E, Koh C, Imberger J, and Brooks N (1979). Mixing in inland and coastal waters. Academic Press, Cambridge, USA.   [Google Scholar]
  34. Horton RK (1965). An index number system for rating water quality. Journal of Water Pollution Control Federation, 37(3): 300-306.   [Google Scholar]
  35. Huang YC, Yang CP, and Tang PK (2010). Water quality management scenarios for the Love River in Taiwan. In the International Conference on Challenges in Environmental Science and Computer Engineering, IEEE, Wuhan, China, 1: 487-490. https://doi.org/10.1109/CESCE.2010.262   [Google Scholar]
  36. Iqbal M, Shoaib M, Agwanda P, and Lee J (2018b). Modeling approach for water-quality management to control pollution concentration: A case study of Ravi River, Punjab, Pakistan. Water, 10(8): 1068. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10081068   [Google Scholar]
  37. Iqbal M, Shoaib M, Farid H, and Lee J (2018a). Assessment of water quality profile using numerical modeling approach in major climate classes of Asia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(10): 2258. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15102258   [Google Scholar] PMid:30326666 PMCid:PMC6209875
  38. Khalifa WMA (2000). Two dimensional finite difference model for water quality in Lakes. Ph.D. Dissertation, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.   [Google Scholar]
  39. Khalifa WMA (2014). Simulation of water quality for the El-Salam Canal in Egypt. Water Pollution XII, 182: 27-37. https://doi.org/10.2495/WP140031   [Google Scholar]
  40. Lee GHVD, Verdonschot RC, Kraak MH, and Verdonschot PF (2018). Dissolved oxygen dynamics in drainage ditches along an eutrophication gradient. Limnologica, 72: 28-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.limno.2018.08.003   [Google Scholar]
  41. Liyanage C and Yamada K (2017). Impact of population growth on the water quality of natural water bodies. Sustainability, 9(8): 1405. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9081405   [Google Scholar]
  42. Mader M, Schmidt C, van Geldern R, and Barth JA (2017). Dissolved oxygen in water and its stable isotope effects: A review. Chemical Geology, 473: 10-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2017.10.003   [Google Scholar]
  43. Martin N, McEachern P, Yu T, and Zhu DZ (2013). Model development for prediction and mitigation of dissolved oxygen sags in the Athabasca River, Canada. Science of the Total Environment, 443: 403-412. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.10.030   [Google Scholar] PMid:23202384
  44. Marzadri A, Tonina D, and Bellin A (2013). Quantifying the importance of daily stream water temperature fluctuations on the hyporheic thermal regime: Implication for dissolved oxygen dynamics. Journal of Hydrology, 507: 241-248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.10.030   [Google Scholar]
  45. Misaghi F, Delgosha F, Razzaghmanesh M, and Myers B (2017). Introducing a water quality index for assessing water for irrigation purposes: A case study of the Ghezel Ozan River. Science of the Total Environment, 589: 107-116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.02.226   [Google Scholar] PMid:28273593
  46. Mohamed AI (2013). Irrigation water quality evaluation in El-Salam Canal project. International Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 3(1): 2305-8269.   [Google Scholar]
  47. Mohamed DS, Korany EA, and El-Saadi AMK (2018). Increasing the efficiency of El-Salam Canal project using data driven water quality models. Journal of Environmental Science, 43(3): 1-19. https://doi.org/10.21608/jes.2018.23839   [Google Scholar]
  48. Moriasi DN, Gitau MW, Pai N, and Daggupati P (2015). Hydrologic and water quality models: Performance measures and evaluation criteria. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 58(6): 1763-1785. https://doi.org/10.13031/trans.58.10715   [Google Scholar]
  49. Moriasi DN, Wilson BN, Douglas-Mankin KR, Arnold JG, and Gowda PH (2012). Hydrologic and water quality models: Use, calibration, and validation. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 55(4): 1241-1247. https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.42265   [Google Scholar]
  50. Null SE, Mouzon NR, and Elmore LR (2017). Dissolved oxygen, stream temperature, and fish habitat response to environmental water purchases. Journal of Environmental Management, 197: 559-570. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.04.016   [Google Scholar] PMid:28419978
  51. Olumuyiwa OF, Yemisi A, and Olajumoke O (2017). Irrigation and drinking water quality index determination for groundwater quality evaluation in Akoko Northwest and northeast areas of Ondo State, Southwestern Nigeria. American Journal of Water Science and Engineering, 3(5): 50-60. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajwse.20170305.11   [Google Scholar]
  52. Onuoha PC, Alum-Udensi O, and Nwachukwu II (2018). Impacts of anthropogenic activities on water quality of the Onuimo section of Imo River, Imo State, Nigeria. International Journal of Agriculture and Earth Science, 4(4): 44-52.   [Google Scholar]
  53. Ponsadailakshmi S, Sankari SG, Prasanna SM, and Madhurambal G (2018). Evaluation of water quality suitability for drinking using drinking water quality index in Nagapattinam district, Tamil Nadu in Southern India. Groundwater for Sustainable Development, 6: 43-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsd.2017.10.005   [Google Scholar]
  54. Rashid I and Romshoo SA (2013). Impact of anthropogenic activities on water quality of Lidder River in Kashmir Himalayas. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 185(6): 4705-4719. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-012-2898-0   [Google Scholar] PMid:23001554
  55. Ratemo MK (2018). Impact of anthropogenic activities on water quality: The case of ATHI River in MACHAKOS County, Kenya. IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology, 12(4): 01-29.   [Google Scholar]
  56. Reichert P (1998). Computer program for the identification and simulation of aquatic systems. Swiss Federal Institute for Environmental Science and Technology (EAWAG), Dubendorf, Switzerland.   [Google Scholar]
  57. Reichert P, Borchardt D, Henze M, Rauch W, Shanahan P, Somlyody L, and Vanrolleghem PA (2001). River water quality model No. 1. IWA Technical Report No 12, International Water Association, London, UK.   [Google Scholar]
  58. Scherman PA, Muller WJ, and Palmer CG (2003). Links between ecotoxicology, bio monitoring and water chemistry in the integration of water quality into environmental flow assessments. River Research and Applications, 19(5‐6): 483-493. https://doi.org/10.1002/rra.751   [Google Scholar]
  59. Şener Ş, Şener E, and Davraz A (2017). Evaluation of water quality using water quality index (WQI) method and GIS in Aksu River (SW-Turkey). Science of the Total Environment, 584: 131-144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.102   [Google Scholar] PMid:28147293
  60. Shaban M and Elsayed EA (2012). Regression based modeling and numerical simulations for the assessment of water management practices for El-Salam Canal project, Egypt. Nile Basin Water Science and Engineering Journal, 5(1): 66-78.   [Google Scholar]
  61. Shah KA and Joshi GS (2017). Evaluation of water quality index for River Sabarmati, Gujarat, India. Applied Water Science, 7(3): 1349-1358. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-015-0318-7   [Google Scholar]
  62. Srinivas L, Seeta Y, and Reddy PM (2016). Chemical, biological assessment and water quality index of Lower Manair Dam. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development, 3(3): 95-98.   [Google Scholar]
  63. Sun W, Xia C, Xu M, Guo J, and Sun G (2016). Application of modified water quality indices as indicators to assess the spatial and temporal trends of water quality in the Dongjiang River. Ecological Indicators, 66: 306-312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.01.054   [Google Scholar]
  64. Sutadian AD, Muttil N, Yilmaz AG, and Perera BJC (2018). Development of a water quality index for rivers in West Java Province, Indonesia. Ecological Indicators, 85: 966-982. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.11.049   [Google Scholar]
  65. Thomann RV and Mueller JA (1987). Principles of surface water quality modeling and control. Harper & Row Publishers, New York, USA.   [Google Scholar]
  66. Tomas D, Čurlin M, and Marić AS (2017). Assessing the surface water status in Pannonian ecoregion by the water quality index model. Ecological Indicators, 79: 182-190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.04.033   [Google Scholar]
  67. Wetzel RG (2001). Limnology: Lake and river ecosystems. Gulf Professional Publishing, Houston, USA.   [Google Scholar]
  68. Williams RJ and Boorman DB (2012). Modelling in-stream temperature and dissolved oxygen at sub-daily time steps: An application to the River Kennet, UK. Science of the Total Environment, 423: 104-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.01.054   [Google Scholar] PMid:22401790
  69. Willmott CJ and Matsuura K (2005). Advantages of the mean absolute error (MAE) over the root mean square error (RMSE) in assessing average model performance. Climate Research, 30(1): 79-82. https://doi.org/10.3354/cr030079   [Google Scholar]
  70. Wu Z, Wang X, Chen Y, Cai Y, and Deng J (2018). Assessing river water quality using water quality index in Lake Taihu Basin, China. Science of the Total Environment, 612: 914-922. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.293   [Google Scholar] PMid:28886543
  71. Zahedi S (2017). Modification of expected conflicts between drinking water quality index and irrigation water quality index in water quality ranking of shared extraction wells using multi criteria decision making techniques. Ecological Indicators, 83: 368-379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.08.017   [Google Scholar]