International journal of

ADVANCED AND APPLIED SCIENCES

EISSN: 2313-3724, Print ISSN:2313-626X

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 Volume 6, Issue 1 (January 2019), Pages: 68-72

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 Original Research Paper

 Title: Neuro-immunological effects of fluorosis: Current perspectives and future outlook for Saudi Arabia

 Author(s): Abjal P. Shaik 1, *, Abbas H. Alsaeed 1, Asma S. Shaik 1, Vamsee K. Bammidi 2

 Affiliation(s):

 1College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
 2The Unicare Group, Burton-on-Trent, Staffordshire, DE14 3GP, United Kingdom

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 * Corresponding Author. 

  Corresponding author's ORCID profile: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5541-3986

 Digital Object Identifier: 

 https://doi.org/10.21833/ijaas.2019.01.009

 Abstract:

Fluorosis severely affects the quality of life of people causing metabolic and degenerative disorders. Its alarming upsurge in the recent years is a matter of deep concern and warrants intense research to completely eliminate this food and water borne ailment. Compelling evidence indicates that fluoride produces injury not only to the central nervous system but also to the immune system which is the first line of defense against xenobiotics. Studies have demonstrated that the intelligence of children and animals exposed to high levels of fluoride caused lowered learning ability and memory. Fluoride causes neuronal destruction and synaptic injury by free radical production and lipid peroxidation. Although limited information is available about immunotoxicity, it is hypothesized that fluoride affects cells of humoral and cell mediated immune responses. In addition, fluoride is reported to decrease white blood cell counts. Though there have been prospective studies in the past which elucidated various aspects of fluoride induced toxicity, the exact comprehensive understanding of the molecular and biochemical mechanisms of fluoride on the neuroimmunological processes is still a subject that needs clinical evaluation. Fluorosis is an endemic problem affecting the quality of life of millions in Saudi Arabia. However, only a few studies are conducted in this region. Owing to its alarming upsurge in recent years, it is important to design future studies to evaluate the neurotoxic and immunotoxic potential of fluoride exposure in humans. 

 © 2018 The Authors. Published by IASE.

 This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

 Keywords: Fluorosis, Neuro-immunological affects, Current scenario, Saudi Arabia

 Article History: Received 30 August 2018, Received in revised form 18 November 2018, Accepted 20 November 2018

 Acknowledgement:

This work was supported by National Science Technology and Innovation plan NSTIP strategic Arabia technologies programs, project number NPST-11MED1919-02, in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

 Compliance with ethical standards

 Conflict of interest:  The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

 Citation:

 Shaik AP, Alsaeed AH, and Shaik AS et al. (2019). Neuro-immunological effects of fluorosis: Current perspectives and future outlook for Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Advanced and Applied Sciences, 6(1): 68-72

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